CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES

 Conservation Activities as Mindfulness Exercises

In today's fast-paced world, finding ways to relax and connect with nature is essential for mental well-being. Conservation activities offer a unique opportunity for mothers to engage in mindfulness exercises while making a positive impact on the environment. By participating in wildlife conservation and protecting biodiversity, mothers can find peace, purpose, and a sense of fulfillment.

Wildlife Conservation as Mindful Practice

Wildlife conservation activities, such as planting native species, participating in clean-up drives, or volunteering at local wildlife sanctuaries, can be excellent mindfulness exercises. These activities encourage mothers to focus on the present moment, fostering a sense of peace and reducing anxiety. 

By engaging in these hands-on efforts, mothers can connect with nature, which has been shown to have therapeutic effects. The act of caring for the environment not only benefits the planet but also provides a soothing escape from daily stress, helping mothers stay present and centered.

Protecting Biodiversity, Enriching Lives

Protecting biodiversity involves activities that contribute to the health and stability of local ecosystems, such as habitat restoration, species monitoring, and environmental advocacy. 

For mothers, these activities can offer a deep sense of purpose and fulfillment. Engaging in biodiversity conservation allows them to contribute to something larger than themselves, creating a positive impact on their communities and the planet. This sense of contribution and the physical activity involved can enrich their lives, promoting overall well-being and a deeper connection to the natural world.

Conservation activities provide an excellent avenue for mothers to practice mindfulness while making a positive impact on the environment. By engaging in wildlife conservation and protecting biodiversity, mothers can find peace, reduce anxiety, and enrich their lives. Embracing these activities not only benefits the planet but also nurtures their own mental and emotional health, leading to a more balanced and fulfilling life.

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Let us look at what our Instagram family has to say about the impact of conservation activities on mental health:

@_real_rizwana 

"When we connect with nature, we absorb positive energy."

INTRODUCTION: MATERNAL MENTAL HEALTH MONTH

 May is Maternal Mental Health Awareness Month and our blog series will feature how we can create awareness and help mothers in need. 

This month is all about raising public and professional awareness of perinatal mental health problems and advocating for women and families impacted.

So, what exactly is Maternal Mental Health?

 According to the WHO, maternal mental health reflects the overall wellness of a mother, where she can actively engage in the chores of life while dealing with everyday stress normally while contributing to society. 

Mental Health Month raises awareness of trauma and the impact it can have on the physical, emotional, and mental well-being of children, families, and communities.

Disturbed mental health not only affects the mother but also the baby. Raising awareness, providing support, and encouraging open dialogue about maternal mental health are essential steps to ensuring the well-being of both mothers and their children. 

In this month's series, we shall take you through some of the social issues and environmental as well as sustainable solutions that help empower women and local communities. 

Let us look at how some of the feedback we received from our social media family as they explain what Maternal Mental Health Month is all about: 

Twitter 

@Uwerauganda -

"It refers to the mental health of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and the first year after delivery."

Instagram

@_real_rizwana -

"Emotional turmoil regarding themselves and children." 

Facebook 

Hajj Munga - Environmentalist -

"Mental Health is all about our Psychology well-being where it consists of environmental mastery, positive relationships with others, self-acceptance, a feeling of purpose and meaning of life, personal growth and development and autonomy. This simply means it's co-dependence dimensions are environmental, social, physical, intellectual, emotional, spiritual and financial. Because if any one of these dimensions is neglected over time, it will adversely affect one's health, well-being, and quality of life."

  

PLANT A TREE WITH THE SOL FOUNDATION

In our previous article we took a look at the benefits of trees. Next we shall look at how The SOL Foundation is helping the communities through planting trees with global collaborative partners. 

1. Education through the school garden program

The School Garden Program has been successfully run in collaboration with a various partners across the globe in schools and community centers where children are encouraged to grow their own food for sustainability. The children, teachers and community members and trained how to plant, what to plant and how to take care of their gardens. These trees help provide the necessary nutrition that they need and also serve as a means of income as they can sell off the surplus. 

The School Garden have help create self sufficiency and sustainable development within these communities. Donating within this cause will help us end global hunger. 

2. Global partnerships & collaborations

Partnering with various global organizations help cover a larger number of people, communities and environment to plant trees and encourage sustainability. With most locations in Asia such as India and Sri Lanka, and in Africa such as East Africa, Mozambique, Cameroon among other countries we are able to reach remote locations and communities in need of help. The plants provide nutrition, income as well as preservation of the environment. 

You can sponsor all these partners which include schools, women groups and orphanages, and help them not only lead a better life but save the environment. Alternatively you can also join The SOL Foundation team and become a partner!

3. Eco Heroes 

This is a network of different organizations working towards a common goal : conserving and preserving the environment. 

We move forward with the support of each other, together. Through this network we can learn, understand and apply environmental solutions. 

Join and become an Eco Hero today! 

4. Virtual Gifts

We all look forward to giving gifts, but some of us struggle with ideas. Through the virtual gift program you can gift your loved one an eternal gift of trees, leave your legacy and their and the best part is you get a chance to customize the gift vouchers with a special message from you. 

This is not only a gift for your loved ones but for yourself, the coming generations, animals and the earth. 

For more detailed projects and updates make sure you check out The SOL Foundation. 

Thank you to all those who shared their views on importance of community planting. Let us take a look at some of the feedback:

Facebook 

Hajj Munga -

"It is believed that backbone is the most important part of human body. When it comes to the environment, in reference to environmental sustainability, I can say trees are the backbone of the environment. To back this statement, let's take a look at the role played by trees in biogeochemical cycles that is; Water, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus cycle.

In water cycle, trees play a role of ensuring ground water are back to atmosphere. In oxygen and carbon cycles, they act as oxygen producers and carbon sinks through photosynthesis thus increasing and reduce the levels of oxygen and carbon in the atmosphere respectively. In nitrogen cycle, some tree species act as nitrogen fixation agent and the same to phosphorus.

In general trees are important since they play a major role in biogeochemical cycles, thus they help in ensuring a state of balance in biogeochemical equations."

Global Initiative for Young Environmental Stewards -

"Improved air quality: Trees act as natural air filters, absorbing pollutants like dust, smoke, and harmful gases, leading to cleaner air for communities to breathe.

Reduced climate change impact: Through photosynthesis, trees absorb carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, mitigating the effects of climate change and creating a cooler environment."

Instagram

@karuvadgraphy -

"This space is not enough to write about the benefits" 

@rewireyourmindsetstrategy -

"Fresh and organic food"

4. CONSERVE WATER

 Introduction

Water is essential to our daily lives. Whenever water is used, there is a potential for conservation both inside and outside of your home or business. Fresh water is a limited resource, making water conservation an important factor for the environment.

 With population growth, expansion of industry, increasing levels of development activity, and the potential for climate change impacts there is increasing pressure placed on the province’s water resources. Whether you are on a municipal or a private domestic water supply, water conservation is a wise practice. 

Conserving water saves energy. Using less water keeps more in our ecosystems and helps to keep wetland habitats topped up for animals like otters, water voles, herons and fish.

In a nutshell, the conservation of water refers to the careful and sustainable use of water resources to prevent waste, ensure its availability for future generations, and protect ecosystems.

In our next chapters we shall look at the benefits of water conservations and simple ways in which we can conserve water to save our planet. 

Take a look at what our social media family when talking about water conservation:

WhatsApp 

Adam 

" Using water cautiously and not wasting it. " 

Instagram 

@aisha_bagha -

" Reduce water wastage."

@_real_rizwana -

" Not to waste water."

@rewireyourmindsetstrategy -

"Each drop of water is precious. Can't waste or use in a way that is not beneficial to anyone."  

SIMPLE WAYS TO APPLY 3Rs IN YOUR DAILY LIFE

In our previous chapters we saw the importance of Recycling, Reusing and Reducing waste. In this chapter let us take a look at how we can apply the 3Rs in our daily life and protect the environment. 

Ways to reduce the amount of waste you create

1. Only buy what you need, and use what you buy

2. Buy loose fruit and vegetables and avoid items that are heavily packaged

3. Sign up to paperless billing or banking

4. Buy products with refillable packaging

5. If you are able, try home composting your food waste

6. Use refillable water bottles and coffee cups

7. Buy second hand clothing and consider hiring clothing

8. Have a go at replacing buttons and mending faulty zips or fallen hems rather than buying new clothing

9. Buy items that will have a longer life than disposable items, such as rechargeable batteries and use real crockery and cutlery for your parties instead of disposable ones

10. Avoid the use of disposable goods, such as lighters, paper cups and plastics

11. Purchase products made from recycled materials

12. Adopt the use of recycled paper for copier paper, letterhead and newsletters

Ways to reuse

1. Donate items that are still in a good, usable condition to charities or charity shops

2. Repurpose glass, plastic and cardboard containers to give them another life

3. Carry a re-usable shopping bag. Use cloth bags when buying groceries. 

4. Re-use wrapping paper or gift bags

5. Convert old clothing, towels or sheets into cleaning rags/cloths

6. Instead of using plastic wraps, use resalable containers

7. Use dishcloths instead of using paper towels

Let us now take a look at what some of the ways our social media families apply the 3Rs in their lives:

Instagram: 

@aisha_bagha -

" 1. Reusing scrap paper for writing notes. 

2. Buy loose fresh food as per our needs rather than pre-packaged. "

@rewireyourmindsetstrategy -

"Try to reuse stuff as much as possible"

@motivated_mamaof3 -

"Go Digital!"

Facebook:

Mary Jean Ernst -

" I no longer buy laundry detergent in plastic jugs. I use the dry laundry sheets, instead & have for past 3 years. I've tried about every brand and they all seem to work. I'm currently using Clearalif...bought on Amazon. However, I've used Earth Breeze & other well advertised brands. They are all good, but some seem to be more powerful on really dirty greasy boys & men's jeans.....Clearalif for one! "

Chapter 4: ENDANGERED SPECIES IN KENYA

 Grevy's Zebra                                                                                        

The long-legged, endangered Grevy’s zebra is distinguished by its unique stripes, which are as distinctive as human fingerprints. Grevy’s also are taller, have larger ears, and have narrower stripes than plains zebras. They are the largest of the zebra species.

Grevy’s zebras have undergone one of the most substantial reductions of range of any African mammal. Habitat loss in an already restricted range is a serious threat to the Grevy’s survival. They have to compete for resources with other grazers, as well as cattle and livestock. Due to overgrazing and competition for water, Grevy’s juveniles have a low survival rate. 

The Black Rhino

Black rhinos are the smaller of the two African rhino species. 

Populations of black rhino declined dramatically in the 20th century at the hands of European hunters and settlers. The black rhino is still considered critically endangered, and a lot of work remains to bring the numbers up to even a fraction of what it once was and to ensure that it stays there. Wildlife crime like poaching and black-market trafficking of rhino horn continues to plague the species and threaten its recovery.

Lesser Kudu

Both the greater kudu and its close cousin, the lesser kudu, have stripes and spots on the body, and most have a chevron of white hair between the eyes. 

Their numbers are affected by humans hunting them for their meat, hides, and horns. Their horns have long been prized in Africa for use as musical instruments, honey containers, and symbolic ritual objects. Kudu habitats are being destroyed as people are taking over their habitats for charcoal burning and farming.

Thomson’s Gazelle

These small gazelles, named for researcher Joseph Thomson, have light-brown coats with dark stripes running down their sides, a white patch on their rumps extending underneath the tail, and ridged horns that curve backward. 

Thomson’s gazelles are victims of hunting. They are often found on ranches and farmlands after many animals have left, feeding on the short grasses exposed by cattle. Here, they are an easy target and are often shot or snared for food.  The Thomson’s gazelle’s habitat is decreasing as human populations grow and agriculture, settlements, and roads expand.

Hirola/Hunter’s Antelope

  Hirolas are antelopes belonging to the family Bovidae (hoofed mammals) that includes buffalo, cattle, goats, and sheep among others. 

The hirola population has declined in the last four decades due to diseases and loss of habitat. Other factors including, predation and competition with livestock have continued to suppress the recovery of hirola.

Here are some of the responses we received from our Instagram about the endangered species: 

@rewireyourmindsetstrategy -

" I would have to say elephants, zebras and giraffes"

@zainab_akadir -

"Black Rhino in Kenya."

@aisha_bagha -

"Northern white rhino"

@_real_rizwana -

"Polar bears north America"

Chapter 3 : IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPECIES

 Biodiversity is the variety of life (its ecosystems, populations, species and genes).  Saving endangered species (plants and animals) from becoming extinct and protecting their wild places is crucial for our health and the future of our children. As species are lost so too are our options for future discovery and advancement. The impacts of biodiversity loss include clearly into fewer new medicines, greater vulnerability to natural disasters and greater effects from global warming.

Plants and animals maintain the health of an ecosystem. When a species becomes endangered, it’s a sign that an ecosystem is out of balance. And the consequences can be critical. The balance within an ecosystem isn’t always easy to maintain; the loss of one species often triggers the loss of others. 

The conservation of endangered species, and restoring balance to the world’s ecosystems, is vital for humans, too.

Let us take a look at some of the reasons why it is important to protect endangered species:

1. Ecological Importance 

Healthy ecosystems depend on plant and animal species as their foundations. When a species becomes endangered, it is a sign that the ecosystem is slowly falling apart. Each species that is lost triggers the loss of other species within its ecosystem. Humans depend on healthy ecosystems to purify our environment. Without healthy forests, grasslands, rivers, oceans and other ecosystems, we will not have clean air, water, or land. If we allow our environment to become contaminated, we risk our own health.

2. Medical

Of the medicines currently available, about 50% are derived from natural products. At least 120 chemical compounds, derived from 90 plant species, are important drugs currently in use in many countries around the world. By loosing biodiversity, we are losing the chance to discover new medicines that could end the suffering of millions of people and save national economies billions of dollars each year.

3. Aesthetics

The natural world is beautiful and valued for its aesthetic appeal. Loss of biodiversity impoverishes our world of natural beauty and wonder, both for ourselves and for the future generations.

4. Recreational 

National parks and game reserves uplifting the socio-economic environment of their respective countries. They are bring people together, and further education and environmental conservation. 

5. Agriculture

Many of the benefits of biodiversity accrue to agriculture itself. For example, the marine environment is a source for insecticides. Others benefits include crop pollination, soil fertility services provided by microorganisms, and pest control services provided by insects and wildlife. Biodiversity loss has important implications for agriculture.

6. Poverty Alleviation 

Biological diversity provides the world's population, particularly the poor, with food, medicines, building materials, bioenergy and protection against natural disasters.

7. Pollination of Crops and Natural Vegetation

Many flowering plants rely on animals to help them mate by ensuring fertilization. Bees, butterflies, beetles, hummingbirds, bats, and other animals transport pollen, the male reproductive structures, from one plant to another, with enormous benefits to humanity. 

8. Preservation of Soil Fertility

Soils, with their active microbial and animal populations, have the capacity to supply adequate nutrients to plants in suitable proportions. Natural forest soil had a higher content of total nutrients and biomass.

REFERENCES :  www.endangeredspeciesinternational.org

Let us take a look at what our social media family has to say:

Facebook: 

Stefan Sommer -

" Because they are our life support system. Without them we are nothing." 

Tasha Tarasco -

" Variety of Wildlife is beautiful why not protect it "

Instagram:

@Souqbazaars -

" How can we expect the best for our children, when we cannot even care for our Earth "

@_real_rizwana -

" It's each of our duty to protect the environment and co-habitat on Earth peacefully " 

@rkonlineconsulting -

" It is our duty to make sure all species are protected for the future " 

@rewireyourmindsetstrategy - 

" If animals/trees die, then it'll be end of human life. We need them, they don't need us " 

@its_winnie_cheche -

" Because extinction means losing them forever "

@aisha_bagha -

" To protect the fragile ecosystem " 

Chapter 2 : REASONS FOR ENDANGERMENT

 Species become endangered for two main reasons: loss of habitat and loss of genetic variation. 

Let us take a look at them.

1. Loss of Habitat 

Loss of habitat can happen both naturally and influenced by human activities. 

Development for housing, industry, and agriculture reduces the habitat of native organisms. This can happen in a number of different ways.

Development can eliminate habitat and native species directly. In the Amazon rain forest of South America, developers have cleared hundreds of thousands of acres. To “clear” a piece of land is to remove all trees and vegetation from it. The Amazon rain forest is cleared for cattle ranches, logging, and urban use.

Development can also endanger species indirectly. Some species, such as fig trees of the rain forest, may provide habitat for other species. As trees are destroyed, species that depend on that tree habitat may also become endangered. Tree crowns provide habitat in the canopy, or top layer, of a rainforest. Plants such as vines, fungi such as mushrooms, and insects such as butterflies live in the rain forest canopy. So do hundreds of species of tropical birds and mammals such as monkeys. As trees are cut down, this habitat is lost. Species have less room to live and reproduce.

Loss of habitat may happen as development takes place in a species range. Many animals have a range of hundreds of square kilometers. 

Loss of habitat can also lead to increased encounters between wild species and people. As development brings people deeper into a species range, they may have more exposure to wild species. Poisonous plants and fungi may grow closer to homes and schools. Wild animals are also spotted more frequently. These animals are simply patrolling their range, but interaction with people can be deadly. Polar bears, mountain lions, and alligators are all predators brought into close contact with people as they lose their habitat to homes, farms, and businesses. As people kill these wild animals, through pesticides, accidents such as collisions with cars, or hunting, native species may become endangered.

Environmental factors can also contribute to habitat destruction more indirectly. Geological processes, climate change, introduction of invasive species, ecosystem nutrient depletion, water and noise pollution are some examples. 

2. Loss of Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity found within a species. Genetic variation allows species to adapt to changes in the environment. Usually, the greater the population of a species, the greater its genetic variation.

Inbreeding is reproduction with close family members. Groups of species that have a tendency to inbreed usually have little genetic variation, because no new genetic information is introduced to the group. Disease is much more common, and much more deadly, among inbred groups. Inbred species do not have the genetic variation to develop resistance to the disease. For this reason, fewer offspring of inbred groups survive to maturity.

Loss of genetic variation can occur naturally. For example Cheetahs cannot adapt to changes in the environment as quickly as other animals, and fewer cheetahs survive to maturity. Cheetahs are also much more difficult to breed in captivity than other big cats, such as lions.

Human activity can also lead to a loss of genetic variation. Overhunting and overfishing have reduced the populations of many animals. Reduced population means there are fewer breeding pairs. A breeding pair is made up of two mature members of the species that are not closely related and can produce healthy offspring. With fewer breeding pairs, genetic variation shrinks.

Monoculture, the agricultural method of growing a single crop, can also reduce genetic variation. Modern agribusiness relies on monocultures. 

Let us take a look at the reasons for endangerment shared by our Instagram family:

@aisha_bagha - 

"Invasion of their natural habitat by humans" 

@_nussy.nus_ -

"Degradation & loss of habitat mainly caused by deforestation, natural disasters due to climate change, human over-exploitation of species e.g. hunting & overfishing, pollution and spread of diseases."

@zainab_akadir -

"Degradation of natural habitat like deforestation. Hunting too" 

@_real_rizwana -

"People and their greed"

@souqbazaars -

"Lack of knowledge"

@rewireyourmindsetstrategy -

"Ignorance"

@leafypaths_freya -

"Human corruption"

REFERENCES:

www.natioanalgeoghraphic.org

PASSION FRUIT

 This month we'll be taking a look at passion fruit which are also part of our school gardens.

Passion fruit is widely grown and valued throughout the tropics and subtropics. Most Passifloras are vines which can climb to 20 or 30 feet. The fruit varies in color from purple to yellow-orange and in shape from an egg to a tennis ball. The family Passifloraceae contains about 550 species of which 400 are in the genus Passiflora. They are commonly found as understory plants in rain forests. The passifloras are herbaceous and shallow rooted. Leaves are usually alternate. The leaf margin can be toothed or entire. The unusual flowers are the outstanding characteristic of passifloras and many are grown only for their flowers. 

Passion fruit require a lot of water, particularly inland. Passion fruit plants thrive in full sun and in environments with 60–80 percent humidity. Passion fruit typically takes 12 to 18 months to bear fruit. In a tropical climate, the plants will flower and fruit year-round.

Let us take a look at some of the benefits of growing Passion fruit : 

1. Provides Nutrients

Passion fruit is a beneficial fruit with a healthful nutrition profile. It contains high levels of vitamin A, which is important for skin, vision, and the immune system, and vitamin C, which is an important antioxidant. Passion fruit also contains phosphorus, niacin, and vitamin B-6, all of which a healthy body also needs. Passion fruit also gives your body calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and folate. These help your kidneys, nerves, muscles, and heart rhythm in big ways.

2. Rich in Antioxidants

Passion fruit is rich in antioxidants, which are compounds that help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Antioxidants play a vital role in keeping the body’s systems healthy, they help improve blood flow, specifically to the brain and nervous system. They also reduce cellular stress and reduce inflammation in the body, both of which have links to diseases, such as heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease. 

3. Great Source of Fiber

Passion fruit pulp contains a lot of dietary fiber. Fiber is a crucial component of every diet. It helps regulate the digestive system and keep the gut healthy, preventing constipation and bowel disorders. Eating passion fruit regularly may help to prevent constipation and improve digestion and overall health.

4. Boosts the Immune System

Passion fruit is rich in vitamin C, which is an antioxidant that helps protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin C boosts the immune system by helping the body absorb more iron from plant-based foods, and may improve the body’s ability to fight off infections in the body.

5. Passion Fruit Leaves

Passionfruit Leaves are small to medium in size and are deeply lobed and oblong in shape. They have many health benefits, they can be cooked, added to your salads or made tea with. Passion fruit leaves have fiber that reduces the risk of heart disease. They contain vitamin A which boosts eye health and also contain vitamin C which reduces anxiety.

6. Fights Cancer

Any fruit or vegetable that has a high level of antioxidants in it is a great food to add to a cancer-fighting diet. Antioxidants kill the free radicals that mutate healthy cells into cancerous cells. Passion fruit also contains vitamin C, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, all three of which have been proven to come along with cancer-fighting properties.

7. Improves Bone Health

Iron, copper, magnesium, and phosphorus are all found in passion fruit, making it a rich source of the minerals that are important to bone health. These minerals play a vital role in increasing bone mineral density as well as increasing bone strength. The minerals contained in passion fruit help your bones create new bone material, strengthen existing bone material, and speed up the process of recovery and repair your body uses to heal when injuries occur.

8. Pregnancy Health

Benefits of passion fruit include good for expecting moms as it is an immunity booster, good source of fiber, maintain a healthy blood pressure, improves the heart’s health, decrease the risk of cognitive decline, improves digestive health and promotes restful sleep. 

REFERENCE 

https://ceventura.ucanr.edu/

Take a look at some of the responses received from our Instagram family: 

@funky_branches_ke -

"Their benefits are that they are rich in antioxidants and high in fiber. Boosts the immune system" 

@rewireyourmindsetwithrizwana -

" Tasty and also healthy. It helps with immune system, anxiety and heart health."

@dafina_bread -

"Amazing juice" 

@aisha_bagha -

"The fruit is rich in antioxidants and a good source of fiber" 

@_nussy.nus_ -

" Contains high levels of vitamin A which is important for skin, vision & the immune system."

@zainab_akadir -

" It's fruit makes refreshing tropical juice. Soothing during hot weather."

ORANGE TREES

 Orange Tress are also part of our School Gardens. Orange tree is a citrus evergreen tree with a productive lifespan of 50-60 years. Some well-cared orange trees can live up to 100 years or more. It is a flowering tree and its height in maturity can range between 16 and 50 ft. 

Orange trees are evergreens and feature glossy, dark-green leaves year-round. They flower in spring, and the little green fruits mature into the familiar oranges in winter. Oranges actually need the cold night air to turn from green to orange. Fruits sheltered inside the tree's canopy may be completely ripe but are still green-skinned or a splotchy combination of green and orange.

Let us take a look at the benefits of Orange Trees: 

1. High in Vitamin C

Oranges are an excellent source of vitamin C. Vitamin C is one of the most well-known and well-researched antioxidants. Good intake of vitamin C is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer as it helps to get of free radicals that cause damage to our DNA.

2. Healthy Immune System 

Regularly consuming fruits, which are high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant compounds, can help promote healthy immune function.

Oranges and other citrus fruits are excellent sources of vitamin C. Vitamin C, which is also vital for the proper function of a healthy immune system, is good for preventing colds and preventing recurrent ear infections.

3. Prevents Skin Damage

Anti-oxidants in oranges help protect skin from free radical damage known to cause signs of aging. Helps your body make collagen, a protein that heals wounds and gives you smoother skin. 

4. Reduces Blood Pressure

Oranges, being rich in Vitamins B6, help support the production of hemoglobin and also help keep blood pressure under check due to the presence of magnesium. 

5. Lowers Cholesterol

The 3 grams of fiber in a medium orange help keep your bowels healthy, your cholesterol and risk of heart disease low, and ulcers at bay. 

6 Helps in Absorption of Iron

Citrus fruits are very much essential for the normal functioning of our body as they help in the absorption of iron. Anemia is a condition where the body lacks an adequate amount of mineral iron that is essential for it to function. Though oranges are not a good source of iron, these vitamin C loaded fruits are essential in absorption of iron.

7. Controls Blood Sugar Levels

Fiber in oranges help by keeping blood sugar levels under control thereby making oranges a healthy snack for people with diabetes. Moreover, oranges have simple sugars. The natural fruit sugar in oranges, fructose, can help keep blood sugar levels from rising too high after eating.

8. Good Eye Health

Oranges are a rich source of carotenoid. The Vitamin A present in them play an important role in keeping the mucus membranes in the eyes healthy. Vitamin A is also responsible to prevent age-related muscular degeneration, which in extreme cases can lead to blindness. It also helps eyes to absorb the light.

9. Improves Digestion

Oranges have both soluble and insoluble fiber. This helps in keeping your intestines and stomach function smooth, preventing irritable bowel syndrome. Additionally, the fiber helps treat constipation to a greater extent.

10. Folate for Moms and Babies

Oranges are a great way to get a big dose of folate naturally. Your body uses it to divide cells and make DNA. Because it helps prevent birth defects, it's an especially important B vitamin for pregnant women.

11. Stomach Health

Flowers of Orange trees can be used to fight stomach spasms. 

12. Muscle relaxant 

The use of essential oil of orange for relaxing massage helps relieve tension and reduce stress. 

Here are some of the benefits as shared by our Instagram family: 

@mentor_quresha - 

" Lowers risk of cancer. Acts as an anti-inflammatory." 

@its_winnie_cheche-

"Oranges" 

@zainab_akadir -

"Gives oranges which rich in Vitamin C" 

@aisha_bagha - 

"Sweet delicious Oranges"

@haffy_organics -

" Fruits used in skincare to improve the skin, boosts immune system & helps with constipation too " 

CASSIA/SENNA SIAMEA

This is one of the plants which are mostly planted in our school gardens. Senna siamea, also known as Siamese cassia, kassod tree, cassod tree and cassia tree, is a legume in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It is native to South and Southeast Asia, although its exact origin is unknown. It is a medium-size, evergreen tree growing up to 18 m (60 ft) with yellow flowers. 

Senna siamea grows well in many environments, but it grows particularly well in lowland tropics. 

Here are some of its uses:

1. Senna siamea wood is used for furniture, poles, small timber, and fuelwood. 

2. Senna siamea is used in intercropping systems, windbreaks, and shelterbelts. It is also used as a shade tree in cocoa, coffee, and tea plantations. 

3. Also has medicinal properties, used in the management of constipation, diabetes, insomnia, hypertension, asthma, typhoid fever, and dieresis. Leaves and bark of medicinal plants were reported to be used locally as antimalarial medications.

Here are some of the benefits of the plant that we got from you :

@zainab_akadir (Instagram) -

" Is used to treat many health issues like constipation and diabetes " 

@aisha_bagha (Instagram) -

" Used of various medicinal purposes e.g asthma, hypertension etc " 

@_real_rizwana (Instagram) -

"Medical benefits" 

Mutuku Mutielega (Facebook) -

" Here in Kenya are used as medicine. They treat stomach ache. Also they produce good timber -very strong one. They provide good shed and air preservation, they give us oxygen "

Since you have read about its many benefits, feel free to visit our website and plant this tree in our school gardens helping many communities and schools : https://www.the-sol-foundation.org/store/p19/School_Garden.html

ZERO HUNGER

What is Zero Hunger? 

Zero Hunger is the second in line of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) hoping to be met by the year 2030. 

Hunger is not caused by food shortage alone, but by a combination of natural, social, and political forces. 

Climate change is contributing to the degradation of precious resources, as severe weather events, like droughts, become more common and affect harvests, leading to less food for human consumption. 

Poverty and inequality are also two drivers of hunger, affecting who can buy food, as well as what kind of food, and how much, is available. 

Hunger is also a product of war and conflict. During periods of unrest, a country's economy and infrastructure can become severely damaged. This negatively affects civilian access to food by either driving up food prices, interfering with food production, or forcing people from their homes. 

Right now, there are around 815 million people who are hungry. This number is only expected to increase as the years go on; the UN estimates that two billion more people will be undernourished by 2050. The Zero Hunger SDG focuses on finding sustainable solutions to stop world hunger.

The goals of the Zero Hunger initiative are to end hunger and make sure that enough nutritious foods are available to people by 2030. Other aspects of the goal include ending all forms of malnutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture which we will focus on in our coming articles. 

Here are some of the definition of Zero Hunger by our social media family: 

Annakarima Sanders (Facebook) -

" EQUALITY FOR ALL ON THIS PLANET. 

As been shown, it can be if western countries could not collect 'the debts' of the poorer countries, we can begin equality. 

After Europe and other western countries robbed the now poor countries dry....they....should be more lenient on the poor countries" 

(Instagram)

@voiceoftheafricanyouth -

"Ability to sustain one's or a family's daily meals."

@dafinabread - 

"A 2030 goal to end hunger and provide nutritious food"

@zainab_akadir - 

"To end hunger and to make sure there is enough nutrition available"

@aisha_bagha -

" End hunger, achieve food security, promote sustainable agriculture." 

@mentor_quresha - 

" One of the SDG's put in place to eradicate hunger (people should be able to get basic food) "

@its_winnie_cheche -

" A state where everyone has access to sufficient and nutritious food." 

@_real_rizwana -

" To me that term means everyone has access to food w/out worrying about $$$" 

REFERENCES : https://www.nationalgeographic.org/

EFFECTS ON URBAN HEAT ON HEALTH

 Health is an important motivator in discussions of climate change. Exposure to high temperatures increase risks for many health conditions, some of them being: 

• Heat cramps
• Heat exhaustion 
• Heat stroke 
• Cardiovascular disease
• Kidney disease
• Respiratory disease
• Poor reproductive outcomes
• Behavioral and mental health conditions

On average, heat is associated with more fatalities than other weather-related events. Death and illness directly attributable to heat are only a portion of total health impacts.

Populations particularly vulnerable to heat related illness and death include: 

• Elderly 
• Those with chronic conditions 
• Pregnant women
• Low income population

Here are some views from our Instagram family members about the impact of temperature rise on health: 

@sabri_farouq:

"yes..like stroke"

@sumaiyaharunany :

"Heat strokes, heat exhaustion (profuse sweating) " 

@_nussy_ :

"It worsens air quality which can lead to asthma attacks & other respiratory health effects"

@zainab_akadir :

"Dehydration and heat stroke"

@legacy.consulting :

"In both extreme hot & cold it becomes hard to breath"

@_real_rizwana :

"Animals die easily, especially those who are not made for extreme hot/cold "

 

TEMPERATURE RISE

 Introduction

Over the last 50 years, human activities – particularly the burning of fossil fuels – have released sufficient quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to trap additional heat in the lower atmosphere and affect the global climate.

In the last 130 years, the world has warmed by approximately 0.85oC. Each of the last 3 decades has been successively warmer than any preceding decade since 1850

 The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole.  And the impacts of rising temperatures aren’t waiting for some far-flung future–the effects of global warming are appearing right now. The heat is melting glaciers and sea ice, shifting precipitation patterns, and setting animals on the move. Sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting and precipitation patterns are changing. Extreme weather events are becoming more intense and frequent.

The Past & The Future

The 10 warmest years on record have all occurred since 2005, and 7 of the 10 have occurred just since 2014. Looking back to 1988, a pattern emerges: except for 2011, as each new year is added to the historical record, it becomes one of the top 10 warmest on record at that time, but it is ultimately replaced as the “top ten” window shifts forward in time.

By 2020, models project that global surface temperature will be more than 0.5°C (0.9°F) warmer than the 1986-2005 average, regardless of which carbon dioxide emissions pathway the world follows. This similarity in temperatures regardless of total emissions is a short-term phenomenon: it reflects the tremendous inertia of Earth's vast oceans. The high heat capacity of water means that ocean temperature doesn't react instantly to the increased heat being trapped by greenhouse gases. By 2030, however, the heating imbalance caused by greenhouse gases begins to overcome the oceans' thermal inertia, and projected temperature pathways begin to diverge, with unchecked carbon dioxide emissions likely leading to several additional degrees of warming by the end of the century.

" 2019 among the three warmest years on record" 

Many characteristics of climate change directly depend on the level of global warming, but what people experience is often very different to the global average. For example, warming over land is larger than the global average, and it is more than twice as high in the Arctic.

But it is not just about temperature. Climate change is bringing multiple different changes in different regions – which will all increase with further warming. These include changes to wetness and dryness, to winds, snow and ice, coastal areas and oceans. For example:

• Climate change is intensifying the water cycle. This brings more intense rainfall and associated flooding, as well as more intense drought in many regions.
• Climate change is affecting rainfall patterns. In high latitudes, precipitation is likely to increase, while it is projected to decrease over large parts of the subtropics. Changes to monsoon precipitation are expected, which will vary by region.
• Coastal areas will see continued sea level rise throughout the 21st century, contributing to more frequent and severe coastal flooding in low-lying areas and coastal erosion. Extreme sea level events that previously occurred once in 100 years could happen every year by the end of this century.
• Further warming will amplify permafrost thawing, and the loss of seasonal snow cover, melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and loss of summer Arctic sea ice.
• Changes to the ocean, including warming, more frequent marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, and reduced oxygen levels have been clearly linked to human influence. These changes affect both ocean ecosystems and the people that rely on them, and they will continue throughout at least the rest of this century.
• For cities, some aspects of climate change may be amplified, including heat (since urban areas are usually warmer than their surroundings), flooding from heavy precipitation events and sea level rise in coastal cities.

Impact of Temperature Rise 

• Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice. In Montana's Glacier National Park the number of glaciers has declined to fewer than 30 from more than 150 in 1910.
• Much of this melting ice contributes to sea-level rise. Global sea levels are rising 0.13 inches (3.2 millimeters) a year, and the rise is occurring at a faster rate in recent years.
• Rising temperatures are affecting wildlife and their habitats. Vanishing ice has challenged species such as the Adélie penguin in Antarctica, where some populations on the western peninsula have collapsed by 90 percent or more.
• As temperatures change, many species are on the move. Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have migrated farther north or to higher, cooler areas.
• Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average. Yet some regions are experiencing more severe drought, increasing the risk of wildfires, lost crops, and drinking water shortages.
• Some species—including mosquitoes, ticks, jellyfish, and crop pests—are thriving. Booming populations of bark beetles that feed on spruce and pine trees, for example, have devastated millions of forested acres in the U.S.

Other effects could take place later this century, if warming continues. These include:

• Sea levels are expected to rise between 10 and 32 inches (26 and 82 centimeters) or higher by the end of the century.
• Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger. Floods and droughts will become more common. Large parts of the U.S., for example, face a higher risk of decades-long "megadroughts" by 2100.
• Less freshwater will be available, since glaciers store about three-quarters of the world's freshwater.
• Some diseases will spread, such as mosquito-borne malaria (and the 2016 resurgence of the Zika virus).
• Ecosystems will continue to change: Some species will move farther north or become more successful; others, such as polar bears, won’t be able to adapt and could become extinct.

REFERENCES: 

• USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp., doi: 10.7930/J0J964J6.
• NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for Annual 2020, online January 2021, retrieved on March 15, 2021 from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/202013.
•  IPCC, 2014: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change.
• who.int/
• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/
• https://www.ipcc.ch/

EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

 In this chapter we will look at how to know the effects of climate change. How do we know that the climate is changing. We shall just browse through some of the scientific evidence. 

Direct observations made on and above Earth’s surface show the planet’s climate is significantly changing. Human activities are the primary driver of those changes.

Earth's climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 11,700 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era — and of human civilization.

1. GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RISE 

The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 2.12 degrees Fahrenheit (1.18 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and other human activities. Most of the warming occurred in the past 40 years, with the seven most recent years being the warmest. The years 2016 and 2020 are tied for the warmest year on record.

2. WARMING OCEAN 

The ocean has absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 100 meters (about 328 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.6 degrees Fahrenheit (0.33 degrees Celsius) since 1969. Earth stores 90% of the extra energy in the ocean.

3. SHRINKING ICE SHEETS 

The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. Data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment show Greenland lost an average of 279 billion tons of ice per year between 1993 and 2019, while Antarctica lost about 148 billion tons of ice per year.

4. GLACIAL RETREAT 

Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska, and Africa.

5. DECREASED SNOW COVER 

Satellite observations reveal that the amount of spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased over the past five decades and the snow is melting earlier.

6. SEA LEVEL RISE 

Global sea level rose about 8 inches (20 centimeters) in the last century. The rate in the last two decades, however, is nearly double that of the last century and accelerating slightly every year.

7. DECLINING ARCTIC SEA ICE 

Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

8. EXTREME NATURAL EVENTS 

Increase in natural disasters each year.

9. OCEAN ACIDIFICATION 

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30%. This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the ocean. The ocean has absorbed between 20% and 30% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in recent decades (7.2 to 10.8 billion metric tons per year).

The evidence of climate change is overwhelming, urging us to climate action. Here are some of the opinions from our Instagram & Facebook family: 

FACEBOOK

Sprut Krankle  - 

"The Sahara going green."

Prachi Jain  -

" 16% above expected levels, forest wildfires, rains."

INSTAGRAM 

@_real_rizwana - 

"Unpredictable weather."

@_nussy_ -

"Global temperatures rise, warming ocean, decreased snow cover, glacial retreat & ocean acidification."

@sumaiyaharunani - 

" So many!!! Wildfires, drought, typhoons, ice on Kilimajaro is almost over. Heat waves, intense drought, rise of sea levels, melting glaciers, extreme weather conditions. "

@its_winnie_cheche - 

"Floods and droughts."

@breathenmoments -

"Increased erratic weather."

@blue_earth_organization -

"Rise in sea levels, abrupt change in weather patterns."

@dafina_bread -

"No rain. Prolonged drought. "

@zainab_akadir -

"Temperature fluctuation and melting of ice peaks."

REFERENCES:

• https://climate.nasa.gov/
• Vostok ice core data; NOAA Mauna Loa CO2 record
• Gaffney, O.; Steffen, W. (2017). "The Anthropocene equation," The Anthropocene Review (Volume 4, Issue 1, April 2017), 53-61.
• https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/indicators.php
• https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/temperature/​
• http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp
• https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/3M_HEAT_CONTENT/index3.html
• National Snow and Ice Data Center
• World Glacier Monitoring Service
• National Snow and Ice Data Center
• R. S. Nerem, B. D. Beckley, J. T. Fasullo, B. D. Hamlington, D. Masters and G. T. Mitchum. "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era." PNAS, 2018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717312115
• http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F

CLIMATE CHANGE / TEMPERATURE RISES

 INTRODUCTION

This new Blog Series takes a look at climate change with the emphasis on the recent global temperature rises. We touch through definitions of climate change, causes of climate change focusing on temperature rises and look at what actions we can take to lessen the effects and save our planet. 

CLIMATE CHANGE 

Climate change is the global phenomenon of climate transformation characterized by the changes in the usual climate of the planet (regarding temperature, precipitation, and wind) that are especially caused by human activities. As a result of unbalancing the weather of Earth, the sustainability of the planet’s ecosystems is under threat, as well as the future of humankind and the stability of the global economy.

NASA scientists have observed Earth’s surface is warming, and many of the warmest years on record have happened in the past 20 years.

NASA’s definition of climate change says it is “a broad range of global phenomena created predominantly by burning fossil fuels, which add heat-trapping gases to Earth’s atmosphere. These phenomena include the increased temperature trends described by global warming, but also encompass changes such as sea-level rise; ice mass loss in Greenland, Antarctica, the Arctic and mountain glaciers worldwide; shifts in flower/plant blooming; and extreme weather events.”

WEATHER vs CLIMATE CHANGE

Weather describes the conditions outside right now in a specific place. For example, if you see that it’s raining outside right now, that’s a way to describe today’s weather. Rain, snow, wind, hurricanes, tornadoes — these are all weather events.

Climate, on the other hand, is more than just one or two rainy days. Climate describes the weather conditions that are expected in a region at a particular time of year.

CLIMATE CHANGE vs GLOBAL WARMING

According to the US Geological Survey, global warming is just one aspect of climate change. In fact, they say that global warming refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 

On the other hand, climate change refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time – including precipitation, temperature, and wind patterns.

"Climate Change is something deeper than justice, it's about solidarity. Human solidarity." 

- BILL MCKIBBEN

WHAT CAN BE DONE

 Animals are going extinct—but it’s not too late

Around the world, animals are facing extinction. For some, there may be time for us to change their fate.

Research shows that animal agriculture is a major threat to many species facing extinction, from habitat loss to deforestation and more. Climate change, putting countless animals and ecosystems at risk, is also driven in part by animal agriculture, which causes an estimated 14.5 to 51 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. 

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN reports that around 44 percent of livestock emissions are in the form of methane gas, and 27 percent in the form of carbon dioxide. So, with animal agriculture taking such a heavy toll in the climate crisis, is taking steps to reduce its carbon footprint enough?

Many experts and environmental advocates say that dietary change is also needed, and individuals who are able to can take action by reducing or eliminating our consumption of meat. This is especially needed in the U.S., where meat consumption is growing at an alarming rate and around 99 percent of farmed animals are raised on industrial factory farms.  

One step you can take today is to calculate your carbon footprint using this tool from the Nature Conservancy, then work to reduce it. 

Dr. Jane Goodall has said, “With language, we can ask, as can no other living being, those questions about who we are, and why we are here. And this highly developed intellect means, surely, that we have a responsibility toward the other life forms of our planet whose continued existence is threatened by the thoughtless behavior of our own human species.” 

Just as we have the power to threaten other species, we have the power—and the responsibility—to save them.

Here are some other ways which we can help:

•  Be sure that fish and other food you buy don’t come from overharvested areas.
• Before you buy wood, make sure it comes from a “sustainable forest,” a forest where trees are replanted.
• Don’t let your pets hunt wild animals.
• Don’t use many plastic bags when they’re not necessary.
• Help reduce traffic and exhaust: Support bike-friendly cities and roads. Use public transportation when you can.
•  Don’t buy wood or wood products from threatened native forests like Pacific maple, California redwood, mahogany, ebony, or teak.
• Don’t release pets—including aquarium fish, turtles, and birds—into the wild.
• Always make sure you throw away your garbage in a trash can and avoid releasing balloons into the air.
• Save energy: Use energy efficient light bulbs and appliances. Turn off power when it’s not in use.
• Buy recycled or salvaged wood whenever possible.
• Don’t travel with wild plants and animals.
• Buy Eco-friendly products
• Follow the 3 Rule - Reuse, Reduce, Recycle
• Don't buy souvenirs made from endangered (or any wildlife) species 
• Eat less meat
• Spread Awareness : Get involved 

We have the power to stop animal extinction, and we must act now. Everyone can make a change, small may it be, to protect not only the animals, but the whole environment (including ourselves).

“The sixth mass extinction we are going through could be the most serious environmental threat to the survival of our civilization since it is irreversible”

By killing them, we are actually killing ourselves.

ENDENGERED ANIMALS - Part 1

 There are numerous species currently in danger of extinction. Most of them are caused directly or indirectly by man: climate change, destruction of their habitat, illegal hunting, etc.

The Holocene Extinction, or the Sixth Extinction, has already cost the world thousands of beloved species due to human activity. Although this event has been ongoing for the past 10,000 years or so—since the last Ice Age, to be exact—the mass extinction has been accelerating at a dizzying pace. 

Most of the threats facing endangered animals are caused by humans. In 2020, researchers sounded the alarm for more than 500 species of vertebrates “on the brink of extinction” within the next 20 years. This extinction crisis is being driven first and foremost by human activity.

Poaching, wildlife trafficking, and hunting all put animals at risk, but there is an even more daunting threat to endangered species that is being ignored: animal agriculture. Deforestation, habitat loss, overfishing, global warming, and other issues linked to animal farming are putting wild species in danger of collapse.

As industrial animal farming continues to encroach on the natural world, more and more species are being put in harm’s way. 

Here are some of the incredible creatures we've driven to extinction in the last century and a half, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates.

1. West African Black Rhinoceros 

The last West African Black Rhino was seen in Cameroon in 2006. It was declared officially extinct in 2011. 

2. Baiji White Dolphin

3. Pyrenian Ibex 

One of four subspecies of the Spanish Ibex or Iberian Goat that was found in the Iberian Peninsula. The last Pyrenean Ibex was killed by a falling tree in northern Spain in 2000. 

4. Passenger Pigeon 

By the 19th century pigeon meat was commercialized as a cheap food for the poor, which resulted in hunting on a massive scale. The Passenger Pigeon died out in the wild by around 1900, with the last known individual dying in captivity in 1914.

5. Tasmanian Tiger 

Native to Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea, the Tasmanian Tiger was a large carnivorous marsupial.  The last wild Tasmanian Tiger was killed between 1910 and 1920, with the last captive one dying in Hobart Zoo, Tasmania in 1936. 

6. Stellers Sea Cow

Within 27 years of discovery by Europeans, Steller’s Sea Cow was hunted to extinction. 

7. Great Auk 

A large and flightless bird found in the North Atlantic and as far south as Northern Spain. The last of these birds was killed by three men who caught it on St Kilda, Scotland in 1844. When a large storm surged, they believed that the auk was a witch and was causing the storm, so they killed it.

8. Dodo 

 The bird was hunted to extinction by sailors and their domesticated animals, and invasive species. The last widely accepted sighting of a Dodo was in 1662.

9. Woolly Mammoth 

The Woolly Mammoth eventually disappeared 10,000 years ago through a combination of hunting by humans and the disappearance of its habitat through climate change. The last of the isolated woolly mammoth populations is believed to have vanished from Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean around 1700BC.

10. Sabre-Toothed Cat

11. Bramble Cay Melomys

These little guys were officially declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2015. Native to Bramble Cay, a small island near the northern side of the Great Barrier Reef, it's reported that the rodents haven't been spotted since way back in 2009. 

12. Spix Macaw 

The Spix Macaw went extinct in the wild due to habitat destruction, illegal trapping and trade.

13. Quagga

The Quagga was native to South Africa and went extinct in the late 19th century. For a long time, the quagga was thought to be its own species before it was discovered that it was closely related to the Plains Zebra and was, in fact, a subspecies of the zebra.

Humans hunted the quagga to extinction.

14. The Golden Toad 

The small toad was last seen in 1989 in a Costa Rican rainforest before being declared extinct in 1994. 

15. Zanzibar Leopard

The leopard went extinct thanks to the belief that these animals were kept by witches; for this reason, locals aggressively hunted them.

16. Po'ouli (Native Hawai Bird ) 

17. Madeiran Large White 

The stunning Madeiran Large White butterfly was found in the valleys of the Laurisilva forests on Portugal's Madeira Islands. 

18. Tecopa Pupfish 

The Tecopa pupfish, a native of the hot springs of the Mojave Desert, has the distinction of being the first animal declared extinct under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973. The pupfish's decline was precipitated when its natural habitat was encroached upon by developers.

19. Falkland Islands Wolf 

The Falkland Islands wolf went extinct in the late 1800s and was also known as the Antarctic wolf and the Falkland Islands fox.

20. Javan Tiger 

21. Round Island Burrowing Boa

the introduction of non-native species of rabbits and goats to the island destroyed vegetation and upset the boa's habitat, leading to its eventual extinction.

22. Pinta Island Tortoise 

23. Dutch Alcon Blue Butterfly 

In our next chapter we shall take a look at the species in risk of extinction. 

REASONS / CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

 In this chapter we shall brush through some of the causes or reasons of extinction. In our next chapter however, we shall look at the human induced causes in depth. 

1. Habitat Loss 

The most common cause of endangerment is habitat loss. Plants and animals need space to live and energy provided by food, just as humans do. As human population and consumption increase, wildlife habitat is converted to houses and highways. Forests are cut down for building materials, fuel, and paper.

Even if habitat is not completely destroyed, it can be fragmented or degraded so much that it can no longer support the species it once did.

Many species, particularly large mammals, need large areas of habitat to survive and reproduce. Patches of forest or grassland surrounded by farms or cities, or divided by roads, will not support these species. 

2. Changes in the Atmosphere 

We know little about how changes in our atmosphere, such as global warming or ozone depletion, is affecting other life forms. However it is becoming more apparent every day that climate change is, and will have a significant impact on the planets species.

3. Diseases 

Disease and insect infestations, which are natural and nonthreatening phenomena in many ecosystems, can deal a death blow to populations weakened or depleted by other pressures.

4. Climatic Heating and Cooling

Climate Change is caused by a number of things. The effect that climate has on extinction is very big. The biodiverse Earth can't keep up with the rapid changes in temperature and climate. The species are not used to severe weather conditions and long seasons, or a changing chemical make-up of their surroundings. As more species die, it is only making it more difficult for the survivors to find food. The warmer climates we are used to present-day are perfect for diseases and epidemics to thrive.

5. Changes in the Sea levels of Currents 

The changes in sea levels and currents is a result, in part, of the melting freshwater. The denser, saltier water sinks and forms the currents that marine life depends on. Ocean floor spreading and rising also affects sea level. A small rise in the ocean floor can displace a lot of water onto land that is all ready occupied. The gases from the volcanic activity can also be absorbed by the water, thus changing the chemical composition, making it unsuitable for some life.

6. Asteroids/ Cosmic Radiation 

Asteroids hit the earth with extreme force. The reverberations can be felt around the world. The impact site is completely destroyed.

Cosmic Radiation is radiation being emitted from outer space and the Sun. It is hypothesized that being exposed to too much cosmic radiation can mutate genes, which can potentially weaken a species' genepool in the future. Since the radiation comes from space and the Sun, it is extremely difficult to avoid the radiation. Supernova remnants is one source of cosmic radiation.

7. Acid Rain 

Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and/or nitrogen oxides are put out into the atmosphere. The chemicals get absorbed by water droplets in the clouds, and eventually fall to the earth as acid precipitation. Acid rain increases the acidity of the soil which affects plant life. It can also disturb rivers and lakes to a possibly lethal level.

RANKS OF EXTINCTION

 Since we have now defined what extinction is, in this chapter we shall look briefly into the ranks of extinction. 

Rates of extinction vary widely. 

During the last 100,000 years of the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), some 40 percent of the existing genera of large mammals in Africa and more than 70 percent in North America, South America, and Australia went extinct. 

Ecologists estimate that the present-day extinction rate is 1,000 to 10,000 times the background extinction rate (between one and five species per year) because of deforestation, habitat loss, overhunting, pollution, climate change, and other human activities—the sum total of which will likely result in the loss of between 30 and 50 percent of extant species by the middle of the 21st century.

Although extinction is an ongoing feature of Earth’s flora and fauna (the vast majority of species ever to have lived are extinct), the fossil record reveals five unusually large extinctions, each involving the demise of vast numbers of species. These conspicuous declines in diversity are referred to as mass extinctions; they are distinguished from the majority of extinctions, which occur continually and are referred to as background extinction. 

Ranked in descending order of severity, they are: 

1. Permian extinction (about 265.1 million to about 251.9 million years ago), the most dramatic die-off, eliminating about half of all families, some 95 percent of marine species (nearly wiping out brachiopods and corals), and about 70 percent of land species (including plants, insects, and vertebrates).
2. Ordovician-Silurian extinction (about 443.8 million years ago), which included about 25 percent of marine families and 85 percent of marine species, with brachiopods, conodonts, bryozoans, and trilobites suffering greatly.
3. Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T), or Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg), extinction (about 66.0 million years ago), involving about 80 percent of all animal species, including the dinosaurs and many species of plants. Although many scientists contend that this event was caused by one or more large comets or asteroids striking Earth, others maintain that it was caused by climatic changes associated with the substantial volcanic activity of the time.
4. End-Triassic extinction (about 201.3 million years ago), possibly caused by rapid climate change or by an asteroid striking Earth. This mass extinction event caused about 20 percent of marine families and some 76 percent of all extant species to die out, possibly within a span of about 10,000 years, thus opening up numerous ecological niches into which the dinosaurs evolved.
5. Devonian extinctions (407.6 million to about 358.9 million years ago), which included 15–20 percent of marine families and 70–80 percent of all animal species. Roughly 86 percent of marine brachiopod species perished, along with many corals, conodonts, and trilobites.

https://www.the-sol-foundation.org/

REFERENCES:

John L. Gittleman

Dean of the graduate faculty at the University of Georgia's Odum School of Ecology. Editor of Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution; co-editor of Carnivore Conservation.