TEMPERATURE RISE

 Introduction

Over the last 50 years, human activities – particularly the burning of fossil fuels – have released sufficient quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to trap additional heat in the lower atmosphere and affect the global climate.

In the last 130 years, the world has warmed by approximately 0.85oC. Each of the last 3 decades has been successively warmer than any preceding decade since 1850

 The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole.  And the impacts of rising temperatures aren’t waiting for some far-flung future–the effects of global warming are appearing right now. The heat is melting glaciers and sea ice, shifting precipitation patterns, and setting animals on the move. Sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting and precipitation patterns are changing. Extreme weather events are becoming more intense and frequent.

The Past & The Future

The 10 warmest years on record have all occurred since 2005, and 7 of the 10 have occurred just since 2014. Looking back to 1988, a pattern emerges: except for 2011, as each new year is added to the historical record, it becomes one of the top 10 warmest on record at that time, but it is ultimately replaced as the “top ten” window shifts forward in time.

By 2020, models project that global surface temperature will be more than 0.5°C (0.9°F) warmer than the 1986-2005 average, regardless of which carbon dioxide emissions pathway the world follows. This similarity in temperatures regardless of total emissions is a short-term phenomenon: it reflects the tremendous inertia of Earth's vast oceans. The high heat capacity of water means that ocean temperature doesn't react instantly to the increased heat being trapped by greenhouse gases. By 2030, however, the heating imbalance caused by greenhouse gases begins to overcome the oceans' thermal inertia, and projected temperature pathways begin to diverge, with unchecked carbon dioxide emissions likely leading to several additional degrees of warming by the end of the century.

" 2019 among the three warmest years on record" 

Many characteristics of climate change directly depend on the level of global warming, but what people experience is often very different to the global average. For example, warming over land is larger than the global average, and it is more than twice as high in the Arctic.

But it is not just about temperature. Climate change is bringing multiple different changes in different regions – which will all increase with further warming. These include changes to wetness and dryness, to winds, snow and ice, coastal areas and oceans. For example:

• Climate change is intensifying the water cycle. This brings more intense rainfall and associated flooding, as well as more intense drought in many regions.
• Climate change is affecting rainfall patterns. In high latitudes, precipitation is likely to increase, while it is projected to decrease over large parts of the subtropics. Changes to monsoon precipitation are expected, which will vary by region.
• Coastal areas will see continued sea level rise throughout the 21st century, contributing to more frequent and severe coastal flooding in low-lying areas and coastal erosion. Extreme sea level events that previously occurred once in 100 years could happen every year by the end of this century.
• Further warming will amplify permafrost thawing, and the loss of seasonal snow cover, melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and loss of summer Arctic sea ice.
• Changes to the ocean, including warming, more frequent marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, and reduced oxygen levels have been clearly linked to human influence. These changes affect both ocean ecosystems and the people that rely on them, and they will continue throughout at least the rest of this century.
• For cities, some aspects of climate change may be amplified, including heat (since urban areas are usually warmer than their surroundings), flooding from heavy precipitation events and sea level rise in coastal cities.

Impact of Temperature Rise 

• Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice. In Montana's Glacier National Park the number of glaciers has declined to fewer than 30 from more than 150 in 1910.
• Much of this melting ice contributes to sea-level rise. Global sea levels are rising 0.13 inches (3.2 millimeters) a year, and the rise is occurring at a faster rate in recent years.
• Rising temperatures are affecting wildlife and their habitats. Vanishing ice has challenged species such as the Adélie penguin in Antarctica, where some populations on the western peninsula have collapsed by 90 percent or more.
• As temperatures change, many species are on the move. Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have migrated farther north or to higher, cooler areas.
• Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average. Yet some regions are experiencing more severe drought, increasing the risk of wildfires, lost crops, and drinking water shortages.
• Some species—including mosquitoes, ticks, jellyfish, and crop pests—are thriving. Booming populations of bark beetles that feed on spruce and pine trees, for example, have devastated millions of forested acres in the U.S.

Other effects could take place later this century, if warming continues. These include:

• Sea levels are expected to rise between 10 and 32 inches (26 and 82 centimeters) or higher by the end of the century.
• Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger. Floods and droughts will become more common. Large parts of the U.S., for example, face a higher risk of decades-long "megadroughts" by 2100.
• Less freshwater will be available, since glaciers store about three-quarters of the world's freshwater.
• Some diseases will spread, such as mosquito-borne malaria (and the 2016 resurgence of the Zika virus).
• Ecosystems will continue to change: Some species will move farther north or become more successful; others, such as polar bears, won’t be able to adapt and could become extinct.

REFERENCES: 

• USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp., doi: 10.7930/J0J964J6.
• NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for Annual 2020, online January 2021, retrieved on March 15, 2021 from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/202013.
•  IPCC, 2014: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change.
• who.int/
• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/
• https://www.ipcc.ch/

CLIMATE CHANGE / TEMPERATURE RISES

 INTRODUCTION

This new Blog Series takes a look at climate change with the emphasis on the recent global temperature rises. We touch through definitions of climate change, causes of climate change focusing on temperature rises and look at what actions we can take to lessen the effects and save our planet. 

CLIMATE CHANGE 

Climate change is the global phenomenon of climate transformation characterized by the changes in the usual climate of the planet (regarding temperature, precipitation, and wind) that are especially caused by human activities. As a result of unbalancing the weather of Earth, the sustainability of the planet’s ecosystems is under threat, as well as the future of humankind and the stability of the global economy.

NASA scientists have observed Earth’s surface is warming, and many of the warmest years on record have happened in the past 20 years.

NASA’s definition of climate change says it is “a broad range of global phenomena created predominantly by burning fossil fuels, which add heat-trapping gases to Earth’s atmosphere. These phenomena include the increased temperature trends described by global warming, but also encompass changes such as sea-level rise; ice mass loss in Greenland, Antarctica, the Arctic and mountain glaciers worldwide; shifts in flower/plant blooming; and extreme weather events.”

WEATHER vs CLIMATE CHANGE

Weather describes the conditions outside right now in a specific place. For example, if you see that it’s raining outside right now, that’s a way to describe today’s weather. Rain, snow, wind, hurricanes, tornadoes — these are all weather events.

Climate, on the other hand, is more than just one or two rainy days. Climate describes the weather conditions that are expected in a region at a particular time of year.

CLIMATE CHANGE vs GLOBAL WARMING

According to the US Geological Survey, global warming is just one aspect of climate change. In fact, they say that global warming refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 

On the other hand, climate change refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time – including precipitation, temperature, and wind patterns.

"Climate Change is something deeper than justice, it's about solidarity. Human solidarity." 

- BILL MCKIBBEN

Importance of Waste Management

 The goal of Zero Waste is to:

• Maximize recycling
• Minimize waste
• Reduce consumption
• Ensure products are made to be reused, repaired, or recycled
• Purchase sustainable products 
• The protection of the environment and the health of the population.
• waste management and recycling collection can help conserve our planet’s natural beauty which can be flawed by thoughtless disposal of waste, fly-tipping and senseless littering.
• Economic benefits through creating employment. 

Zero Waste systems reduce greenhouse gases by:

• Saving energy -- especially by reducing energy consumption associated with extracting, processing, and transporting raw materials and waste
• Reducing and eventually eliminating the need for landfills and incinerators

THE 5 Rs OF ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT ( Part 1)

Waste contributes to the pollution of our oceans and lakes, and it increases the greenhouse gas effect that causes global warming. It is no longer good enough to buy plastic and feel ok because you recycle it. It is time to refuse, reduce and reuse first.

The world uses half a million straws every day.

It is estimated that 4 trillion plastic bags are used worldwide annually. Only 1% of plastic bags are returned for recycling. All that waste can be eliminated by switching to reusable shopping bags. Plastic carrier bags are used on average for 12 minutes, it takes at least 500 years for those bags to degrade in landfill. Unfortunately, these bags don’t break down completely, instead they photo-degrade. This means that they become micro plastics that absorb and release toxins that continue to pollute the environment long after they have ‘degraded’.

In 2016 the worlds plastic production totaled around 335million metric tons, roughly half of this was destined for single use product.

Single use plastics often do not even make it to landfill, on average 30% of the 78million tons of plastic packaging produced annually is left to flow into our oceans – this is the equivalent to pouring 1 truck of plastic into the ocean every minute! This is expected to increase by 2 per minute by 2030 and 4 per minute in 2050. This means that by the year 2050 there could be more plastic in the ocean than fish!

500 billion disposable cups are consumed every year. Styrofoam cannot be completely recycled. Most of the Styrofoam disposed of today will still be present in landfills 500 years from now.

So how can you make a difference? There are 5 R’s of waste management that you can use to help cut down your carbon footprint and the negative impact on our planet.

1. Refuse – Learn How to Say No and Mean It

The first step of the 5 R process. And a difficult one. 

The best and most effective way of eliminating waste in your life is refusing to create it in the first place. It is about being conscious about what you consume and refusing what you don’t actually need. 

 Things like carrier bags, disposable coffee cups, cutlery and straws are the biggest culprits. They are a part of our daily lives and we often receive and use them without thinking about it but these products are mostly made from plastic and after one use most end up in landfill or, through improper disposal, our oceans. 

So start making smarter buying decisions be it personally or for business , and say no to plastic and non recyclable waste. Go for reusable containers or bags, metal/wooden straws and carry your refillable coffee mug or bottle.

Here are lots of other ways you can refuse by saying no:

- Flyers and business cards: If you’re offered one, take a picture of it using your phone, thereby negating the need for the physical item.

- Marketing freebies: We all like to receive things for free, but learn to say no if you don’t need them. Just because it’s free, don’t take that as a reason to accept it. Marketing freebies, such as pens and USB drives, are brilliant examples. If you know you won’t use them, leave them for someone who will. -

- Chemical cleaners and air fresheners: These might seem like essential items, but you can make them at home with things you’ve already got in your cupboard.

- Single-use plastics and disposables: Included in this section are straws, cutlery, and plastic bags.

Produce wrapped in plastic: Send a message to the supermarkets and only choose products that aren’t wrapped in plastic or netting. Shop for produce at your local farmer’s market, greengrocers, local food co-op, or direct from the farm. 

- Free bottles of water: When you attend a conference or are flying, say no to the free bottle of water and take your own reusable water bottle instead. 

- Junk mail: Stick a ‘no junk mail’ notice on your letter box to stop paper deliveries.

2. Reduce – Learn to Let Go

Reducing your consumption is all about the virtue of conservation and the notion of doing more with less. Reducing waste is the most important thing we can do. By reducing waste, we avoid the unnecessary use of resources such as materials, energy and water. It means there is less waste to manage.

“Reduce” in the context of zero waste might mean letting go of items in the house that you no longer need, and donating, selling or upcycling them. Then you can alleviate clutter and create space.

“Reducing” might also mean shopping with a purpose and focusing on necessary purchases as opposed to random splurges on things that you don’t really need.

So how can we reduce waste?

- Buy in bulk to reduce packaging

- Take a reusable shopping bag with you so you don't have to use a paper or plastic bag from the shop

- Say ‘no’ to a plastic shopping bag when you only have a couple of items

- Choose products that use less packaging 

- Buy reusable items rather than disposable ones

- Stick a "no junk mail" sign on your letter box

- Take your lunch to school in a reusable container.

ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT PART 2

Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process.

Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological and household. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health.

Waste is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials.]

Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment or aesthetics.

Zero Waste is a whole system approach to resource management centered on reducing, reusing, and recycling. 

Zero waste management means the holistic concept of waste management which recognizes waste as a resource produced during the interim phase of the process of resource consumption. Zero waste strategies may be applied to companies, to communities, industrial sectors, to schools, and homes since they include many stakeholders, not only those of the environment, but also technological aspects. 

Proper management of waste is important for building sustainable and livable cities, but it remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities.

There are 5 types of wastes: 

1. Liquid Waste

- Liquid waste is commonly found both in households as well as in industries. This waste includes dirty water, organic liquids, wash water, waste detergents and even rainwater.

2. Solid Rubbish

- Solid rubbish can include a variety of items found in your household along with commercial and industrial locations. 

- These can be; Plastic waste which consists of bags, containers, jars, bottles and many other products that can be found in your household. Plastic is not biodegradable, but many types of plastic can be recycled. Plastic should not be mix in with your regular waste, it should be sorted and placed in your recycling bin.

- Paper/card waste which includes packaging materials, newspapers, cardboards and other products. Paper can easily be recycled and reused. 

- Tins and metals which can be found in various forms throughout your home. Most metals can be recycled. 

- Ceramics and glass which can easily be recycled. 

3. Organic Waste

- Organic waste is another common household. All food waste, garden waste, manure and rotten meat are classified as organic waste. Over time, organic waste is turned into manure by microorganisms. However, this does not mean that you can dispose them anywhere.

- Organic waste in landfills causes the production of methane, so it must never be simply discarded with general waste.

4. Recyclable Rubbish

- Recyclable rubbish includes all waste items that can be converted into products that can be used again. Solid items such as paper, metals, furniture and organic waste can all be recycled. 

- If you’re unsure whether an item is recyclable or not, look at the packaging or the diagrams on the lid of your yellow recycling bin. Most products will explicitly state whether they are recyclable or not.

5. Hazardous Waste

- Hazardous waste includes all types of rubbish that are flammable, toxic, corrosive and reactive.

-These items can harm you as well as the environment and must be disposed of correctly. 

PROTECTING EXISTING TREES part 2

In our last chapter, we listed down the dangers to existing plants and trees and what can damage or kill them. Since we have figured that out we now focus on how to protect them. We will list down the points and highlight others in the coming chapters.

Here is how we can protect plants/trees that are already there:

• Use less paper 
• Prevent unwarranted tree cutting 
• Finding an alternative to the use of wood
• Educating people on the benefits of trees
• Population control
• Curbing industrialization 
• Reducing mining and other harmful activities that lead to natural disasters such as floods and cyclones
• Avoid driving nails into trees to hand bird feeds
• Don't unnecessary pull barks of trees, hit or bend them 
• When moving the lawn avoid bumping of scraping into trees
• Support NGOs that specialize in protecting forests or those that  monitor activities to prevent and control forest fires, insect infestations and disease epidemic

Above all love your trees. Just like any other living organism trees need love and care to survive. 

Part 10:NORWAY BANS DEFORESTATION

Norway became the first country in the world to ban deforestation. By committing to zero deforestation, Norwegian lawmakers will not award any government contracts to companies that take part in clear-cutting of trees or forests. 

The pledge was made in the Recommendation of Norwegian parliament's Standing Committee in Energy and the Environment in 2014 regarding Norway's national biodiversity action plan, which has been put in motion. 

According to Climate Action, production of soy, beef, palm oil, and wood products in seven countries with high deforestation rates (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea) contributed to 40% of total tropical deforestation and 44% of associated carbon emissions between 2000-2011. To counteract this Norway has invested large sums of money to stop deforestation in Brazil, Liberia and Indonesia. 

In 2008 Norway gave Brazil $1 Billion to help fight deforestation against the Amazon Rainforest. By 2015 Brazil had more than 33,000 square miles of forest and kept 3.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. The Norwegian government also announced a $250 Million commitment to protect Guyana's forest, giving them the money over a four year period from 2011 to 2015. The country is also hard at work in Africa. Liberia, with the help of Norway, became the first nation in Africa to stop cutting down trees in return for aid. 

Norway's action plan also includes a request from parliament that the government exercise due care for the protection of biodiversity in its investments through Norway's Government Pension Fund Global. Because of this, any product that contributes to deforestation will not be used in the Scandinavian country. Their act of banning deforestation from the supply chain only continues the country's longstanding history of protecting the world's vital forests.

At the UN Climate Summit in New York in September 2014, the Norwegian government made a pledge with Germany and UK that they would promote national commitments that encourage deforestation-free supply chains, including through public procurement policies to sustainable source commodities such as palm oil, soy , beef and timber. 

By becoming the first country in the world to make such a large-scale move against deforestation, Norway is setting an example for other countries to consider similar policies. 

"This has been an astonishing success story. REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) has been so far the biggest success story of the climate negotiations...For Norway, I think the main lesson learnt is that we need to be more able to take risks, and more daring. Because there are numerous reasons why this may fail or how it can be criticized." - Erik Solheim, Norwegian Minister for Environment and International Development.

Deforestation PART 1: Definition

Deforestation the permanent removal, by either cutting down or uprooting, trees to make room for something besides forest.

You can see the word forest in deforestation. The prefix de- means "remove" and the suffix -ation signals the act or state of. So deforestation is the act of removing a forest.

On the other hand Reforestation is the regrowing of forest that have previously been cut down. Here you can see the prefix re- meaning "again" signaling the act of repeating what was or is there.

In the coming articles we shall be focusing on when deforestation started, the reasons for it, the pros and cons of deforestation and the ways we can use to reduce the negative effects or how we can accomplish reforestation.

"Humans are the only creatures in this world who cut down the trees, made paper from them and then wrote on these papers 'save trees' "

411 Oak Trees

• Oak trees are native to the Northern hemisphere. The usual lifespan of an oak is about 200 years, but some live over 1,000 years. Oak trees grow to an average height of about 15 to 21 meters (50 to 70 feet) and have a spread of as much as 15 meters (50 feet) from branch to branch when fully grown. Many species of oaks are under threat of extinction in the wild, because of the habitat destruction, over exploitation, diseases and introduction of invasive species.
• The fruit is a nut called an acorn. One oak produces more than 2000 acorns every year. Wildlife that consume acorns as part of their diets includes jays, pigeons, duck, pigs, bears, deer, squirrels and mice.

• The leaves and acorns of the oak tree are poisonous to cattle, horses, sheep, and goats in large amounts due to the toxin tannic acid, and cause kidney damage and gastroenteritis.
• Oak wood has great strength and hardness. The wood is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of its high tannin content. It is used in the manufacture of ships, furniture, floorings and barrels.

Q&A Ecosia Scam or Legit

We had received an email regarding Ecosia asking if this organization is scam or legit?

Team of The Seed of Life® did some digging and here is what we were able to find out. If you believe otherwise, please kindly comment below and we would love to learn more.

Ecosia is a search engine similar to Google. There is also an extension of Ecosia to chrome, which one can add.

Ecosia  doesn't have their own search engine, rather they piggy back on Bing Search Engine. Per their business model, they track all the information regarding the surfer. They claim they give back to the society around 80% of profit, which they make from advertisements.

That 80% of profit can go to various areas and one of them is planting trees. Yes, they have planted trees, but as an individual, surfer does it make any difference in planting? Is there a way to track how you personally made any difference in the environment by using Ecosia?

The simple answer is No, there is no way to track that, nor is there any guarantee.

If you choose to use Ecosia or not, that is definitely up to you as a consumer and surfer. Please stay safe and vigilant.

411 Apple Trees

• The apple tree originated in Central Asia. They have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and were brought to North America by European colonists. China is by far the largest apple producer.
• Apple are one of the most widely grown tree fruit. There are more than 8,000 varieties of apples – the largest variety of fruit to exist.
• Apple trees take 4 to 5 years to produce their first fruit.The apple tree generally standing 1.8 to 4.6 meters (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 12 meters (39 ft) in the wild. Life expectancy for apple tree is about 100 years.
• Apples can help you improve your memory. Most of the anti-oxidants in apples, are found in the skin. Apples can also help lower cholesterol levels.

Who loves Apples? My 2 year old does. Do your kids too?

Do you know anything more about Apples and Apple trees? We would love to hear from you!

Use or Abuse of Farming?

"Green Movement" A Scam, 2020 Trend or Global Crisis," P.1

Bleak History or Future? P.2

In order to understand this article thoroughly, please review part 1 and 2. As we discussed in, Bleak History or Future, how America's waters, land, and air got damaged. I would like to outline a bit more detailed on machine usage in farming in this article.

While on the flip side, many countries such as Mexico, India, Pakistan, and majority African countries, were still using old methods of farming, (some areas still continue to use old method of farming), while majority of European countries and North America quickly adapted to machine use in the fields. 

The trend moved to machine use for several reasons: 

• Less men on the field =  Spend less $$$
• Faster work done
• Large acres got done faster
• Faster growth of crops

Putting all this on the table was helpful to farmers and agriculture. Many profit organizations wanted agriculture business as well. 

Abuse

• Various kinds of machines and instruments started appearing, which hurt the air with their fumes, noise pollution started, and hurt the crops as some machines worked while others failed. 
• Many options of pesticides were introduced, which again took the turn of hurting crops, animals, air, and water. 
• More land was provided for better "farming" more business, which took many forests out and took away homes of many animals ie bears, foxes, wolf, and majority of sea animals, just to name a few.
• Animal farming turned into business in itself, by feeding animals medication for strong, lean and muscular body organs, skinning started for clothes and accessories, teeth for jewelry and international trade, nails became status of the society, meat intake became wealthy symbol, hunting became a sport, and fighting animal to animal a game. 
• In the name of freedom, garbage was disposed by individuals, businesses, factories, farmers, and manufacturing plants into waters and land.

One so-called better opportunity for society became ten-fold steps backwards for the environment

Tree Location Fact: MN, USA

Location Fact:

Mean net annual oxygen production (after accounting for decomposition) per hectare of trees (100% tree canopy) offsets oxygen consumption of 19 people per year (8 people per acre of tree cover), but ranges from nine people per hectare of canopy cover (4 people/ac cover) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to 28 people/ha cover (12 people/ac cover) in Calgary, Alberta."

Sources

• McAliney, Mike. Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection, Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December 1993.
• Nowak, David J.; Hoehn, Robert; Crane, Daniel E. Oxygen Production by Urban Trees in the United States. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2007. 33(3):220–226.
• Stancil, Joanna Mounce. The Power of One Tree - The Very Air We Breathe. U.S. Department of Agriculture. March 17, 2015.
• Villazon, Luis. How many trees does it take to produce oxygen for one person? BBC Science Focus Magazine.
• ThoughtCo, Ph.D. Helmenstine, Anne Marie How Much Oxygen Does One Tree Produce?  November 19, 2019

Global Census of Tree Species

In April 2017, the results of a "huge scientific effort" were published in the Journal of Sustainable Forestry, along with a searchable online archive called GlobalTreeSearch.

The scientists all over the world worked hard for this effort to compile the data as accurately as possible. These scientists are frok all backgrounds such as but not limited to: museums, botanical gardens, agricultural centers and other sources, and concluded there are 60,065 tree species currently known to science. 

These numbers and species globally range from from Abarema abbottii, a vulnerable limestone-bound tree found only in the Dominican Republic, to Zygophyllum kaschgaricum, a rare and poorly understood tree native to China and Kyrgyzstan.