ENDENGERED ANIMALS - Part 1

 There are numerous species currently in danger of extinction. Most of them are caused directly or indirectly by man: climate change, destruction of their habitat, illegal hunting, etc.

The Holocene Extinction, or the Sixth Extinction, has already cost the world thousands of beloved species due to human activity. Although this event has been ongoing for the past 10,000 years or so—since the last Ice Age, to be exact—the mass extinction has been accelerating at a dizzying pace. 

Most of the threats facing endangered animals are caused by humans. In 2020, researchers sounded the alarm for more than 500 species of vertebrates “on the brink of extinction” within the next 20 years. This extinction crisis is being driven first and foremost by human activity.

Poaching, wildlife trafficking, and hunting all put animals at risk, but there is an even more daunting threat to endangered species that is being ignored: animal agriculture. Deforestation, habitat loss, overfishing, global warming, and other issues linked to animal farming are putting wild species in danger of collapse.

As industrial animal farming continues to encroach on the natural world, more and more species are being put in harm’s way. 

Here are some of the incredible creatures we've driven to extinction in the last century and a half, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates.

1. West African Black Rhinoceros 

The last West African Black Rhino was seen in Cameroon in 2006. It was declared officially extinct in 2011. 

2. Baiji White Dolphin

3. Pyrenian Ibex 

One of four subspecies of the Spanish Ibex or Iberian Goat that was found in the Iberian Peninsula. The last Pyrenean Ibex was killed by a falling tree in northern Spain in 2000. 

4. Passenger Pigeon 

By the 19th century pigeon meat was commercialized as a cheap food for the poor, which resulted in hunting on a massive scale. The Passenger Pigeon died out in the wild by around 1900, with the last known individual dying in captivity in 1914.

5. Tasmanian Tiger 

Native to Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea, the Tasmanian Tiger was a large carnivorous marsupial.  The last wild Tasmanian Tiger was killed between 1910 and 1920, with the last captive one dying in Hobart Zoo, Tasmania in 1936. 

6. Stellers Sea Cow

Within 27 years of discovery by Europeans, Steller’s Sea Cow was hunted to extinction. 

7. Great Auk 

A large and flightless bird found in the North Atlantic and as far south as Northern Spain. The last of these birds was killed by three men who caught it on St Kilda, Scotland in 1844. When a large storm surged, they believed that the auk was a witch and was causing the storm, so they killed it.

8. Dodo 

 The bird was hunted to extinction by sailors and their domesticated animals, and invasive species. The last widely accepted sighting of a Dodo was in 1662.

9. Woolly Mammoth 

The Woolly Mammoth eventually disappeared 10,000 years ago through a combination of hunting by humans and the disappearance of its habitat through climate change. The last of the isolated woolly mammoth populations is believed to have vanished from Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean around 1700BC.

10. Sabre-Toothed Cat

11. Bramble Cay Melomys

These little guys were officially declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2015. Native to Bramble Cay, a small island near the northern side of the Great Barrier Reef, it's reported that the rodents haven't been spotted since way back in 2009. 

12. Spix Macaw 

The Spix Macaw went extinct in the wild due to habitat destruction, illegal trapping and trade.

13. Quagga

The Quagga was native to South Africa and went extinct in the late 19th century. For a long time, the quagga was thought to be its own species before it was discovered that it was closely related to the Plains Zebra and was, in fact, a subspecies of the zebra.

Humans hunted the quagga to extinction.

14. The Golden Toad 

The small toad was last seen in 1989 in a Costa Rican rainforest before being declared extinct in 1994. 

15. Zanzibar Leopard

The leopard went extinct thanks to the belief that these animals were kept by witches; for this reason, locals aggressively hunted them.

16. Po'ouli (Native Hawai Bird ) 

17. Madeiran Large White 

The stunning Madeiran Large White butterfly was found in the valleys of the Laurisilva forests on Portugal's Madeira Islands. 

18. Tecopa Pupfish 

The Tecopa pupfish, a native of the hot springs of the Mojave Desert, has the distinction of being the first animal declared extinct under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973. The pupfish's decline was precipitated when its natural habitat was encroached upon by developers.

19. Falkland Islands Wolf 

The Falkland Islands wolf went extinct in the late 1800s and was also known as the Antarctic wolf and the Falkland Islands fox.

20. Javan Tiger 

21. Round Island Burrowing Boa

the introduction of non-native species of rabbits and goats to the island destroyed vegetation and upset the boa's habitat, leading to its eventual extinction.

22. Pinta Island Tortoise 

23. Dutch Alcon Blue Butterfly 

In our next chapter we shall take a look at the species in risk of extinction. 

REASONS / CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

 In this chapter we shall brush through some of the causes or reasons of extinction. In our next chapter however, we shall look at the human induced causes in depth. 

1. Habitat Loss 

The most common cause of endangerment is habitat loss. Plants and animals need space to live and energy provided by food, just as humans do. As human population and consumption increase, wildlife habitat is converted to houses and highways. Forests are cut down for building materials, fuel, and paper.

Even if habitat is not completely destroyed, it can be fragmented or degraded so much that it can no longer support the species it once did.

Many species, particularly large mammals, need large areas of habitat to survive and reproduce. Patches of forest or grassland surrounded by farms or cities, or divided by roads, will not support these species. 

2. Changes in the Atmosphere 

We know little about how changes in our atmosphere, such as global warming or ozone depletion, is affecting other life forms. However it is becoming more apparent every day that climate change is, and will have a significant impact on the planets species.

3. Diseases 

Disease and insect infestations, which are natural and nonthreatening phenomena in many ecosystems, can deal a death blow to populations weakened or depleted by other pressures.

4. Climatic Heating and Cooling

Climate Change is caused by a number of things. The effect that climate has on extinction is very big. The biodiverse Earth can't keep up with the rapid changes in temperature and climate. The species are not used to severe weather conditions and long seasons, or a changing chemical make-up of their surroundings. As more species die, it is only making it more difficult for the survivors to find food. The warmer climates we are used to present-day are perfect for diseases and epidemics to thrive.

5. Changes in the Sea levels of Currents 

The changes in sea levels and currents is a result, in part, of the melting freshwater. The denser, saltier water sinks and forms the currents that marine life depends on. Ocean floor spreading and rising also affects sea level. A small rise in the ocean floor can displace a lot of water onto land that is all ready occupied. The gases from the volcanic activity can also be absorbed by the water, thus changing the chemical composition, making it unsuitable for some life.

6. Asteroids/ Cosmic Radiation 

Asteroids hit the earth with extreme force. The reverberations can be felt around the world. The impact site is completely destroyed.

Cosmic Radiation is radiation being emitted from outer space and the Sun. It is hypothesized that being exposed to too much cosmic radiation can mutate genes, which can potentially weaken a species' genepool in the future. Since the radiation comes from space and the Sun, it is extremely difficult to avoid the radiation. Supernova remnants is one source of cosmic radiation.

7. Acid Rain 

Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and/or nitrogen oxides are put out into the atmosphere. The chemicals get absorbed by water droplets in the clouds, and eventually fall to the earth as acid precipitation. Acid rain increases the acidity of the soil which affects plant life. It can also disturb rivers and lakes to a possibly lethal level.

Importance of Waste Management

 The goal of Zero Waste is to:

• Maximize recycling
• Minimize waste
• Reduce consumption
• Ensure products are made to be reused, repaired, or recycled
• Purchase sustainable products 
• The protection of the environment and the health of the population.
• waste management and recycling collection can help conserve our planet’s natural beauty which can be flawed by thoughtless disposal of waste, fly-tipping and senseless littering.
• Economic benefits through creating employment. 

Zero Waste systems reduce greenhouse gases by:

• Saving energy -- especially by reducing energy consumption associated with extracting, processing, and transporting raw materials and waste
• Reducing and eventually eliminating the need for landfills and incinerators

5Rs OF WASTE MANAGEMENT (Part 2)

 3. Reuse – Make Sure Things Last as Long as They Can

It simply means switching up disposable items for reusable and permanent alternatives. This means sourcing a reusable beverage container and carrying it with you when you are out and about. It means carrying reusable cutlery with you as a measure to avoid disposable cutlery.

Single use plastics such as cups, straws, gloves and now masks have generated a ‘throw away’, ‘one won’t hurt’ culture. The rate that we all consume plastic products is drastically becoming unimaginable, the plastic crisis has always been one of the world’s biggest environmental challenges. 

For almost every single-use item there is a reusable alternative. Here are some few examples:

•  Paper tissues – washable handkerchiefs
• Disposable razors – electric shaver or a straight-edge razor
• Paper towels – cotton cloths or microfibre
• Dish sponge – cotton cloth
• Tea bags – loose tea and a tea strainer
• Coffee pods – French press
• Baking parchment – grease or oil the pan or use a silicon mat
• Tin foil/cling film – use a food container or jar with a lid
• Paper bags/ plastic bags – bring your own cloth bag
• Bottled water – a glass or stainless steel water bottle and tap water

And the list goes on.     

Reusing and repairing go hand in hand. When you’re deciding whether to toss something and buy a new one, ask yourself if you can find a way to reuse or repair it. This applies to clothing, furniture, and technology. If your phone or laptop is broken, instead of immediately purchasing a new one, seek repair options first.

Reusing also means selling or donating your used items so they go to loving homes instead of the landfill. Have a jumble sale, stick it on sites like ebay or freecycle, you can even ask your friends and family if they have a need for things you don’t.

Another thing you can do is re-purpose or upcycle old things you don’t need into something cool and useful. This step doesn’t have to be expensive. Buy second hand, or make it yourself! Repair broken items. Repurpose old clothes, or household items and breathe new life into your wardrobe by participating in clothing swaps.

So how can we reuse waste? Here are some tips: 

- Give unwanted toys and books to hospitals or schools

- Put unwanted clothes in used clothing bins

- Use plastic containers for freezing or storing food items

- Save wrapping paper and boxes to use again

- Use old jars for storage

-Take old magazines to your local doctor's or dentist's surgery

-Shop at second hand stores or use online trading websites to buy items that are unwanted by others

- Take household items to your council’s resource recovery center

- Make memo pads out of waste paper

- Re-use envelopes - purchase reuse labels.  

4. Recycle – For Those Things You Can’t Refuse, Reduce, or Reuse

Recycling involves some form of reprocessing of waste materials to produce another product. For example, recycling plastic bottles to make buckets.

One of the easiest ways to reduce your waste is to recycle. After you have refused, reduced, and reused there shouldn’t be much left to recycle anyway. But with what there is, you should still make sure to separate your trash so that those resources can be reused instead of filling our landfills.

Many of us have been programmed to believe that recycling is the go-to solution for waste reduction. This is a misconception.

In reality this is still an expensive way to process the waste that can be reused. Glass jars and bottles could be kept and used in a zero waste store. Plastic can be upcycled to some extent but it never really goes away. It is better to refuse it.

Recycling infrastructure in its current state is quite limited and in many cases actually consists of “downcycling” – meaning that recyclable materials are made into low-quality, disposable goods that will ultimately end up in landfill.

Another problem is that recycling infrastructure cannot keep pace with the huge quantities of single-use disposables consumed and disposed of by humans at record speed.

Recyclable materials that are not successfully recycled into new products become landfilled, shipped to landfills in so called developing countries, or incinerated in Waste-to-Energy (WtE) programs.

It is also important to consider that the recycling process itself is highly energy intensive.

For these reasons recycling is treated by the Zero Waste movement as a last resort to be used only after steps 1 Refuse, 2 Reduce & 3 Reuse have been exhausted.

So what can be recycled? The main products that can be recycled are paper, cardboard, glass, aluminum, tin and plastic containers.

Composting and worm farms are methods of recycling organic waste.

Buy recycled. You can buy products that are made from recycled materials. This is called ‘Closing the Loop’.

Zero-Waste History

 Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to low levels of population density and exploitation of natural resources. Common waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimum environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused or passed down through the generations.

Early waste disposal ; In ancient cities, wastes were thrown onto unpaved streets and roadways, where they were left to accumulate. It was not until 320 BCE in Athens that the first known law forbidding this practice was established. At that time a system for waste removal began to evolve in Greece and in the Greek-dominated cities of the eastern Mediterranean. In ancient Rome, property owners were responsible for cleaning the streets fronting their property. But organized waste collection was associated only with state-sponsored events such as parades. Disposal methods were very crude, involving open pits located just outside the city walls. As populations increased, efforts were made to transport waste farther out from the cities.

After the fall of Rome, waste collection and municipal sanitation began a decline that lasted throughout the Middle Ages. Near the end of the 14th century, scavengers were given the task of carting waste to dumps outside city walls. But this was not the case in smaller towns, where most people still threw waste into the streets. It was not until 1714 that every city in England was required to have an official scavenger. Toward the end of the 18th century in America, municipal collection of garbage was begun in Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia. 

References: 

-https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html#:~:text=Globally%2C%20most%20waste%20is%20currently,with%20landfill%20gas%20collection%20systems.

- http://www.romesightseeing.net/the-history-of-plumbing-pompeii-and-herculaneum

ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT PART 2

Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process.

Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological and household. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health.

Waste is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials.]

Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment or aesthetics.

Zero Waste is a whole system approach to resource management centered on reducing, reusing, and recycling. 

Zero waste management means the holistic concept of waste management which recognizes waste as a resource produced during the interim phase of the process of resource consumption. Zero waste strategies may be applied to companies, to communities, industrial sectors, to schools, and homes since they include many stakeholders, not only those of the environment, but also technological aspects. 

Proper management of waste is important for building sustainable and livable cities, but it remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities.

There are 5 types of wastes: 

1. Liquid Waste

- Liquid waste is commonly found both in households as well as in industries. This waste includes dirty water, organic liquids, wash water, waste detergents and even rainwater.

2. Solid Rubbish

- Solid rubbish can include a variety of items found in your household along with commercial and industrial locations. 

- These can be; Plastic waste which consists of bags, containers, jars, bottles and many other products that can be found in your household. Plastic is not biodegradable, but many types of plastic can be recycled. Plastic should not be mix in with your regular waste, it should be sorted and placed in your recycling bin.

- Paper/card waste which includes packaging materials, newspapers, cardboards and other products. Paper can easily be recycled and reused. 

- Tins and metals which can be found in various forms throughout your home. Most metals can be recycled. 

- Ceramics and glass which can easily be recycled. 

3. Organic Waste

- Organic waste is another common household. All food waste, garden waste, manure and rotten meat are classified as organic waste. Over time, organic waste is turned into manure by microorganisms. However, this does not mean that you can dispose them anywhere.

- Organic waste in landfills causes the production of methane, so it must never be simply discarded with general waste.

4. Recyclable Rubbish

- Recyclable rubbish includes all waste items that can be converted into products that can be used again. Solid items such as paper, metals, furniture and organic waste can all be recycled. 

- If you’re unsure whether an item is recyclable or not, look at the packaging or the diagrams on the lid of your yellow recycling bin. Most products will explicitly state whether they are recyclable or not.

5. Hazardous Waste

- Hazardous waste includes all types of rubbish that are flammable, toxic, corrosive and reactive.

-These items can harm you as well as the environment and must be disposed of correctly. 

TYPES OF POLLUTION

 When you think of environmental pollution, it typically comes in seven different types. These include air, water, land, radioactive, thermal, light, and sound pollution. 

We will look into each of these: 

1. Air Pollution

Air pollution is when noxious gases and chemicals get suspended in air.

A major source of air pollution results from the burning of fossil fuels. Vehicle and factory emissions are common sources of this type of air pollution. The burning of fossil fuels contributes to the formation of smog, a dense layer of particulate matter that hangs like a cloud over many major cities and industrial zones. 

Air pollution contributes to respiratory problems such as asthma, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and other lung ailments. Nitrogen and sulfur oxides in the air contribute to acid rain, which is a form of precipitation with a lower (more acidic) pH than normal. Acid rain harms forests, species that live in water bodies, and degrades outdoor statues, monuments, and buildings.

2, Water Pollution

Water pollution does not only affect fish and other marine life, when pollutants get into the water, they have a devastating effect on the water cycle. 

Natural causes of water pollution include algae blooms and volcanoes. However, humans also cause water pollution through trash and wastewater from factories. 

A major source of water pollution is runoff from agricultural fields, industrial sites, or urban areas. Runoff disrupts the water body's natural balance. For example, agricultural runoff typically includes fertilizer or toxic chemicals. Fertilizer can cause algal blooms (an explosive growth of algae), choking out other plants and decreasing the amount of available oxygen necessary for the survival of other species. 

Raw sewage is another type of water pollutant. When sewage gets into the drinking water supply, serious stomach and digestive issues may result, including the spread of diseases such as typhoid or dysentery. 

A third source of water pollution is trash. Improperly disposed of items, such as plastic bags, fishing line, and other materials may accumulate in the water and lead to the premature death of animals that get tangled within the garbage.

3. Land Pollution

Land pollution is another one of the big three pollution types affecting the human population. Land pollution happens when the soil gets contaminated by fertilizers or chemicals being dumped. The pollution in the land can seep into the ground water or run into lakes and streams creating a vicious pollution cycle. 

Soil can become polluted by industrial sources or the improper disposal of toxic chemical substances. Common sources of soil pollution include asbestos, lead, PCBs, and overuse of pesticides/herbicides.

4. Noise Pollution

Noise pollution is caused by loud noises that can hurt the human ears. Types of noise pollution can include explosions, jet engines, and even concerts (if you are close to the speakers). 

Noise pollution is dangerous because it can cause hearing loss. This type of pollution has been shown to impact the movement of sea mammals, such as dolphins and whales and also impacts the nesting success of birds.

5. Light Pollution

Light pollution refers to the large amount of light produced by most urban and other heavily-populated areas. 

While lights are great for helping us to see at night, too many lights cause light pollution blocking out the night sky. Light pollution prevents citizens from seeing features of the night sky and has also been shown to impede the migration patterns of birds and the activities of nocturnal animals.

6. Radioactive Pollution

The radioactive pollution is defined as the physical pollution of living organisms and their environment as a result of release of radioactive substances into the environment during nuclear explosions and testing of nuclear weapons, nuclear weapon production and decommissioning, mining of radioactive ores, handling and disposal of radioactive waste, and accidents at nuclear power plants. 

7.Thermal Pollution

Thermal pollution, sometimes called "thermal enrichment," is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. 

A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. Thermal pollution can also be caused by natural forces like soil erosion giving water more sunlight. 

In conclusion we share a comment about pollution by one of our social media followers:

Rashidah Aasim Asad -

Air pollution, noise pollution, etc.. Affecting air by production of dangerous fumes to air and also having uncontrollable noise to humanity from machines for example

POLLUTION

What is pollution?



It is the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.



 Environmental pollution is the addition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or any form of energy (such as heat, sound, or radioactivity) to the environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored in some harmless form. 



Pollution of all kinds can have negative effects on the environment and wildlife and often impacts human health and well-being.



We will be focusing more about the types and effects on pollution in our coming chapters.



Here is a little history about pollution:



Cities of ancient times were often noxious places, fouled by human wastes and debris. Beginning about 1000 CE, the use of coal for fuel caused considerable air pollution, and the conversion of coal to coke for iron smelting beginning in the 17th century exacerbated the problem. In Europe, from the Middle Ages well into the early modern era, unsanitary urban conditions favored the outbreak of population-decimating epidemics of disease, from plague to cholera and typhoid fever. Through the 19th century, water and air pollution and the accumulation of solid wastes were largely problems of congested urban areas. But, with the rapid spread of industrialization and the growth of the human population to unprecedented levels, pollution became a universal problem.



By the middle of the 20th century, an awareness of the need to protect air, water, and land environments from pollution had developed among the general public. In particular, the publication in 1962 of Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring focused attention on environmental damage caused by improper use of pesticides such as DDT and other persistent chemicals that accumulate in the food chain and disrupt the natural balance of ecosystems on a wide scale. In response, major pieces of environmental legislation, such as the Clean Air Act (1970) and the Clean Water Act (1972; United States), were passed in many countries to control and mitigate environmental pollution.



Here are some of your take on pollution from Facebook:

 Alice Liddell  Pollution -

is everything that is not biodegradable made by man. 

Source : https://www.britannica.com/science/pollution-environment

Part 9: CASE STUDY

Why Rainforests? 

Rainforests are the earths most essential ecosystems which are needed for our survival. The Amazon forests houses more than 50,000 insect species in just 1 single mile! 

Deforestation has brought about an increase in carbon in the air by contributing over 12% of all Carbon dioxide emissions. 

Climate change is no longer up for debate and deforestation plays a major role which needs to be addressed NOW. Here are some NGOs which are working towards reducing the impact of deforestation and you can work with them virtually in the fight with deforestation. 

The Seed of Life Foundation

The Seed of Life Foundation is an NGO whose vision is to give back to the environment and aids in planting trees to combat deforestation. They provide many services including educating people globally on the urgency of planting trees and taking care of our environment. 

Other services which you can actively be involved in include: 

• Taking part in fundraising and charitable drives for orphanages in Africa. 
• Plant a tree from wherever you are to any location you prefer
• Gift a tree to your loved one
• Plant a memorial tree for your lost loved ones
• Collaborate with schools in building school gardens

Website the-sol-foundation.org

Facebook https://www.facebook.com/theseedoflifeproject/

Instagram https://www.instagram.com/theseedoflifefoundation/

Twitter https://twitter.com/TheSeedof_Life

LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/seed-of-life/

Blog https://the-sol-foundation.blogspot.com/

email admin@the-sol-foundation.com

Cool Earth

Cool Earth is a charity that works with local people (Peru to Papua new guinea)  to halt deforestation and climate change. They work with communities and people who want to protect the forest in which they live by equipping them with the tools and skills to be able to protect their rainforest.

You can log into their website coolearth.org and help by:

• Donating to local communities 
• Educating others about the need to reduce deforestation and the dangers of climate change
• Shop and sponsor trees through their online virtual shop 

Deforestation Part 3: REASONS / CAUSES

In our last chapter we learnt about the history and how deforestation started. We found out that deforestation is part of climate change hence a natural occurrence over time. However we found out that it has rapidly increased due to human involvement. In this chapter we will focus mostly on such involvements.

1. Natural Causes

• Climate Change is any significant long-term change in the expected patterns of average weather of a region or the whole earth over significant period of time. It is an inevitable occurrence which take place with time. 
• Deforestation is both a cause and an effect of climate change which damages forests, for instance by drying out tropical rainforests. 
• Forest fires is another natural cause as recently experienced in Australia. According to WWF, each year fires burn millions of hectares of forests worldwide. Forests fires are a natural cause however, degraded forests including heavily logged rainforests, are more vulnerable.

      2. Farming

• Agriculture expansion and livestock farming are one of the biggest reasons for cutting down forests to accommodate such practice. 
• According to an article in One Green Planet, since 1990, Brazil, a top exporter of beef has lost an area of forest that is three-fourth the size of Texas. Farmers often clear the land for cattle by using slash and burn techniques. Other countries which are top beef suppliers and experience deforestation include Mexico, Uruguay and Argentina. 
• Slash and burn technique is also used to clear land for farming. Such technique is commonly used to clear forests in Southeast Asia, tropical Africa and the Americas for permanent oil palm plantations.

   3. Lumbering

• Illegal and unsustainable logging is another cause of deforestation happening in many countries such as Brazil and Indonesia. Trees are also cut down for use of firewood, paper and furniture. 

      4. Expansion of Infrastructure

• Road construction can lead to deforestation by providing an entryway to previously remote land. The cleared land then attracts an influx of settlers, and construction of other infrastructure such as residential and commercial buildings.  

      5. Overpopulation 

• All the mentioned causes above increase as population and demand increase. Currently there are about 8 Billion people on the earth and as population increases, the forests and natural resources get depleted at a faster rate. 

There are many other causes for deforestation but we have listed the main ones which have increased the rate of deforestation. In our next chapter we will be looking at the effects of deforestation. However, we will divide them into pros and cons, to focus on how deforestation has helped the economy and its negative effects.

    

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411 Oak Trees

• Oak trees are native to the Northern hemisphere. The usual lifespan of an oak is about 200 years, but some live over 1,000 years. Oak trees grow to an average height of about 15 to 21 meters (50 to 70 feet) and have a spread of as much as 15 meters (50 feet) from branch to branch when fully grown. Many species of oaks are under threat of extinction in the wild, because of the habitat destruction, over exploitation, diseases and introduction of invasive species.
• The fruit is a nut called an acorn. One oak produces more than 2000 acorns every year. Wildlife that consume acorns as part of their diets includes jays, pigeons, duck, pigs, bears, deer, squirrels and mice.

• The leaves and acorns of the oak tree are poisonous to cattle, horses, sheep, and goats in large amounts due to the toxin tannic acid, and cause kidney damage and gastroenteritis.
• Oak wood has great strength and hardness. The wood is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of its high tannin content. It is used in the manufacture of ships, furniture, floorings and barrels.

Q&A Ecosia Scam or Legit

We had received an email regarding Ecosia asking if this organization is scam or legit?

Team of The Seed of Life® did some digging and here is what we were able to find out. If you believe otherwise, please kindly comment below and we would love to learn more.

Ecosia is a search engine similar to Google. There is also an extension of Ecosia to chrome, which one can add.

Ecosia  doesn't have their own search engine, rather they piggy back on Bing Search Engine. Per their business model, they track all the information regarding the surfer. They claim they give back to the society around 80% of profit, which they make from advertisements.

That 80% of profit can go to various areas and one of them is planting trees. Yes, they have planted trees, but as an individual, surfer does it make any difference in planting? Is there a way to track how you personally made any difference in the environment by using Ecosia?

The simple answer is No, there is no way to track that, nor is there any guarantee.

If you choose to use Ecosia or not, that is definitely up to you as a consumer and surfer. Please stay safe and vigilant.

411 Apple Trees

• The apple tree originated in Central Asia. They have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and were brought to North America by European colonists. China is by far the largest apple producer.
• Apple are one of the most widely grown tree fruit. There are more than 8,000 varieties of apples – the largest variety of fruit to exist.
• Apple trees take 4 to 5 years to produce their first fruit.The apple tree generally standing 1.8 to 4.6 meters (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 12 meters (39 ft) in the wild. Life expectancy for apple tree is about 100 years.
• Apples can help you improve your memory. Most of the anti-oxidants in apples, are found in the skin. Apples can also help lower cholesterol levels.

Who loves Apples? My 2 year old does. Do your kids too?

Do you know anything more about Apples and Apple trees? We would love to hear from you!

411 Chestnut Trees

• There are 9 different species of chestnut native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
• The four main species are commonly known as European, Chinese, Japanese, and American chestnuts, some species called chinkapin or chinquapin.
• It has a lifespan of 200 to 800 years, depending on the species.
• The Hundred-Horse Chestnut is the largest and oldest known chestnut tree in the world. Located on Linguaglossa road in Sant’Alfio, on the eastern slope of Mount Etna in Sicily it is generally believed to be 2,000 to 4,000 years old.
• The nuts are an important food for jays, pigeons, wild boar, deer, and squirrels.
• Chestnut can be consumed raw, baked, boiled or roasted. It also can be dried and milled into flour, which can then be used to prepare breads, cakes, pies, pancakes, pastas, polenta or used as thickener for stews, soups, and sauces.

Use or Abuse of Farming?

"Green Movement" A Scam, 2020 Trend or Global Crisis," P.1

Bleak History or Future? P.2

In order to understand this article thoroughly, please review part 1 and 2. As we discussed in, Bleak History or Future, how America's waters, land, and air got damaged. I would like to outline a bit more detailed on machine usage in farming in this article.

While on the flip side, many countries such as Mexico, India, Pakistan, and majority African countries, were still using old methods of farming, (some areas still continue to use old method of farming), while majority of European countries and North America quickly adapted to machine use in the fields. 

The trend moved to machine use for several reasons: 

• Less men on the field =  Spend less $$$
• Faster work done
• Large acres got done faster
• Faster growth of crops

Putting all this on the table was helpful to farmers and agriculture. Many profit organizations wanted agriculture business as well. 

Abuse

• Various kinds of machines and instruments started appearing, which hurt the air with their fumes, noise pollution started, and hurt the crops as some machines worked while others failed. 
• Many options of pesticides were introduced, which again took the turn of hurting crops, animals, air, and water. 
• More land was provided for better "farming" more business, which took many forests out and took away homes of many animals ie bears, foxes, wolf, and majority of sea animals, just to name a few.
• Animal farming turned into business in itself, by feeding animals medication for strong, lean and muscular body organs, skinning started for clothes and accessories, teeth for jewelry and international trade, nails became status of the society, meat intake became wealthy symbol, hunting became a sport, and fighting animal to animal a game. 
• In the name of freedom, garbage was disposed by individuals, businesses, factories, farmers, and manufacturing plants into waters and land.

One so-called better opportunity for society became ten-fold steps backwards for the environment

Night Cycle of Trees

411:

• Trees not only release oxygen but also consume carbon dioxide.
• Trees perform photosynthesis during daylight hours. At night, they use oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Sources

• McAliney, Mike. Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection, Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December 1993.
• Nowak, David J.; Hoehn, Robert; Crane, Daniel E. Oxygen Production by Urban Trees in the United States. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2007. 33(3):220–226.
• Stancil, Joanna Mounce. The Power of One Tree - The Very Air We Breathe. U.S. Department of Agriculture. March 17, 2015.
• Villazon, Luis. How many trees does it take to produce oxygen for one person? BBC Science Focus Magazine.
• ThoughtCo, Ph.D. Helmenstine, Anne Marie How Much Oxygen Does One Tree Produce?  November 19, 2019

Tree Location Fact: MN, USA

Location Fact:

Mean net annual oxygen production (after accounting for decomposition) per hectare of trees (100% tree canopy) offsets oxygen consumption of 19 people per year (8 people per acre of tree cover), but ranges from nine people per hectare of canopy cover (4 people/ac cover) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to 28 people/ha cover (12 people/ac cover) in Calgary, Alberta."

Sources

• McAliney, Mike. Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection, Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December 1993.
• Nowak, David J.; Hoehn, Robert; Crane, Daniel E. Oxygen Production by Urban Trees in the United States. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2007. 33(3):220–226.
• Stancil, Joanna Mounce. The Power of One Tree - The Very Air We Breathe. U.S. Department of Agriculture. March 17, 2015.
• Villazon, Luis. How many trees does it take to produce oxygen for one person? BBC Science Focus Magazine.
• ThoughtCo, Ph.D. Helmenstine, Anne Marie How Much Oxygen Does One Tree Produce?  November 19, 2019

Global Census of Tree Species

In April 2017, the results of a "huge scientific effort" were published in the Journal of Sustainable Forestry, along with a searchable online archive called GlobalTreeSearch.

The scientists all over the world worked hard for this effort to compile the data as accurately as possible. These scientists are frok all backgrounds such as but not limited to: museums, botanical gardens, agricultural centers and other sources, and concluded there are 60,065 tree species currently known to science. 

These numbers and species globally range from from Abarema abbottii, a vulnerable limestone-bound tree found only in the Dominican Republic, to Zygophyllum kaschgaricum, a rare and poorly understood tree native to China and Kyrgyzstan.

The Power of a Single Tree

When we see trees, we as human beings, don't even think twice about the effects of these green leafy bulky living creatures. 

Just take a moment and think about it? Have you ever wondered why the air is thinker, denser, fresh, mold, or polluted, is different at various places? 

The amount of oxygen produced by a single tree depends on several factors such as but not limited to: location, type of species, number of the family, soil, age, health, weather/season, and environmental surroundings in overall (buildings, manufacturing plants, beach, mountains, etc).

Here are some interesting facts to acknowledge:

• A full mature tree produces as much oxygen in a season as 10 people inhale in a year. 
• A single mature tree can absorb carbon dioxide at a rate of 48 pounds per year.
• A full grown mature tree can release enough oxygen back into the atmosphere to support two human beings.
• One acre of trees annually consumes the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent to that produced by driving an average car for 26,000 miles.
• An acre of trees produces enough oxygen for 18 people to breathe for a year.
• A tree that average measure of 100-foot tree, 18 inches diameter at its base, produces average of 6,000 pounds of oxygen.
• On average, one tree can produce nearly upto 260 pounds of oxygen each year. 

Sources

• McAliney, Mike. Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection, Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December 1993.
• Nowak, David J.; Hoehn, Robert; Crane, Daniel E. Oxygen Production by Urban Trees in the United States. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2007. 33(3):220–226.
• Stancil, Joanna Mounce. The Power of One Tree - The Very Air We Breathe. U.S. Department of Agriculture. March 17, 2015.
• Villazon, Luis. How many trees does it take to produce oxygen for one person? BBC Science Focus Magazine.
• ThoughtCo, Ph.D. Helmenstine, Anne Marie How Much Oxygen Does One Tree Produce?  November 19, 2019