Chapter 2 : REASONS FOR ENDANGERMENT

 Species become endangered for two main reasons: loss of habitat and loss of genetic variation. 

Let us take a look at them.

1. Loss of Habitat 

Loss of habitat can happen both naturally and influenced by human activities. 

Development for housing, industry, and agriculture reduces the habitat of native organisms. This can happen in a number of different ways.

Development can eliminate habitat and native species directly. In the Amazon rain forest of South America, developers have cleared hundreds of thousands of acres. To “clear” a piece of land is to remove all trees and vegetation from it. The Amazon rain forest is cleared for cattle ranches, logging, and urban use.

Development can also endanger species indirectly. Some species, such as fig trees of the rain forest, may provide habitat for other species. As trees are destroyed, species that depend on that tree habitat may also become endangered. Tree crowns provide habitat in the canopy, or top layer, of a rainforest. Plants such as vines, fungi such as mushrooms, and insects such as butterflies live in the rain forest canopy. So do hundreds of species of tropical birds and mammals such as monkeys. As trees are cut down, this habitat is lost. Species have less room to live and reproduce.

Loss of habitat may happen as development takes place in a species range. Many animals have a range of hundreds of square kilometers. 

Loss of habitat can also lead to increased encounters between wild species and people. As development brings people deeper into a species range, they may have more exposure to wild species. Poisonous plants and fungi may grow closer to homes and schools. Wild animals are also spotted more frequently. These animals are simply patrolling their range, but interaction with people can be deadly. Polar bears, mountain lions, and alligators are all predators brought into close contact with people as they lose their habitat to homes, farms, and businesses. As people kill these wild animals, through pesticides, accidents such as collisions with cars, or hunting, native species may become endangered.

Environmental factors can also contribute to habitat destruction more indirectly. Geological processes, climate change, introduction of invasive species, ecosystem nutrient depletion, water and noise pollution are some examples. 

2. Loss of Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity found within a species. Genetic variation allows species to adapt to changes in the environment. Usually, the greater the population of a species, the greater its genetic variation.

Inbreeding is reproduction with close family members. Groups of species that have a tendency to inbreed usually have little genetic variation, because no new genetic information is introduced to the group. Disease is much more common, and much more deadly, among inbred groups. Inbred species do not have the genetic variation to develop resistance to the disease. For this reason, fewer offspring of inbred groups survive to maturity.

Loss of genetic variation can occur naturally. For example Cheetahs cannot adapt to changes in the environment as quickly as other animals, and fewer cheetahs survive to maturity. Cheetahs are also much more difficult to breed in captivity than other big cats, such as lions.

Human activity can also lead to a loss of genetic variation. Overhunting and overfishing have reduced the populations of many animals. Reduced population means there are fewer breeding pairs. A breeding pair is made up of two mature members of the species that are not closely related and can produce healthy offspring. With fewer breeding pairs, genetic variation shrinks.

Monoculture, the agricultural method of growing a single crop, can also reduce genetic variation. Modern agribusiness relies on monocultures. 

Let us take a look at the reasons for endangerment shared by our Instagram family:

@aisha_bagha - 

"Invasion of their natural habitat by humans" 

@_nussy.nus_ -

"Degradation & loss of habitat mainly caused by deforestation, natural disasters due to climate change, human over-exploitation of species e.g. hunting & overfishing, pollution and spread of diseases."

@zainab_akadir -

"Degradation of natural habitat like deforestation. Hunting too" 

@_real_rizwana -

"People and their greed"

@souqbazaars -

"Lack of knowledge"

@rewireyourmindsetstrategy -

"Ignorance"

@leafypaths_freya -

"Human corruption"

REFERENCES:

www.natioanalgeoghraphic.org

EUCALYPTUS

 Eucalyptus has over 600species, a rapidly growing plant which attain a great height. In our school gardens we have planted the Mallee Variety. 

The term Mallee is used describe various species of trees or woody plants, mainly of the genus Eucalyptus, which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground bulbous woody structure called a lignotuber, or Mallee root, usually to a height of no more than 10 m (33 ft). Over 50 percent of eucalypt species are Mallees, and they are mostly slow-growing and tough. 

Let us take a look at some of the benefits of Eucalyptus and how they help our communities. 

1. Leaves are used to make Air Fresheners.

2. Make Ointments 

Applied directly to the skin, the plant is used for treating minor aches and pains. It is also an ingredient in several over-the-counter rubs to be used as cold treatments.

3. Treatment for Respiratory Illness

Coughs, colds, sore throats, asthma, and congestion appear to respond to medicines containing eucalyptus. Relieve congestion and cough by rubbing eucalyptus oil or ointment into the chest. Another method for relieving congestion and other respiratory problems involves boiling eucalyptus leaves in a tightly covered pot filled with water then removing the pot from heat to inhale the vapors. The plant’s oil can be mixed with warm water to create a mouth rinse that helps alleviate sore throats. As an antibacterial, natural decongestant, eucalyptus often reduces the intensity and the duration of respiratory illnesses.

4. Treat Burns, Cuts & Insect Bites 

Topically, eucalyptus may be used as an antiseptic reducing the risk of infection and promoting healing. Also, because of its antibacterial and antifungal properties, eucalyptus is used to treat a variety of skin conditions, like cuts, cold sores, and athlete's foot. 

5. Help Relieve Muscle and Joint Pain

Rubbing oil from the leaves into the muscles and joints has been known to temporarily relieve pain.

6. Stimulant and stress reliever

Eucalyptus leaves and oil provide an aroma that can be useful in dealing with stress and fatigue.

7. Dental Care

Eucalyptus oils may be found in mouthwashes and toothpastes because it’s a natural bacteria fighter.

8. Used in Soaps & Cleansers

Commonly found in household cleaners, eucalyptus offers a healthy aroma and strong cleansing abilities. It is often used in spas and saunas for both refreshment and cleansing purposes.

9. Skin Care

Eucalyptus helps soothe dry skin. This plant can actually boost the ceramide level in your skin, helping your skin stay healthy and hydrated. In addition to soothing dry skin, eucalyptus helps to cool and refresh your skin.

Let's now take a look at the Eucalyptus benefits shared by our social media family members.

Twitter:

@lyraenatureblog -

"I used to sell a chest rub with the oil for coughs and colds, especially in children, and people loved it. I plan to start a smaller business again and will likely make it again. But the plant ecologist in me says Eucalyptus should be grown with caution due to invasive potential!"

Instagram:

 @aisha_bagha -

"Oral hygiene, treats acne"

@zainab_akadir -

"Relieves one from cold and nasal congestion"

@_real_rizwana -

"Kills germs"

@rewireyourmindsetstrategy -

"Helps with muscle and joint pain."

REFERENCES:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_(habit)

BANANA TREES

 Banana Trees are also most commonly grown in our school gardens and provide numerous benefits to our communities. 

Bananas are grown in tropical region. Banana plants grow quickly and can reach their full height of 20-40 feet in only 9 months. After growing for about 6-8 months, the plant develops a nice crown of leaves. Then a flowering stem emerges from the top, and a large bud begins to develop. Once the bananas have been harvested, the plant dies.

Let us take a look at some of the benefits of Banana Trees: 

1. Food

Banana trees give us bananas, which is a common fruits and favorite among humans and animals. When harvesting banana the tree so-called stem is cut away. In fact, the tender inner part of the stem can be utilized as a vegetable. This stem is very fibrous so it is necessary to clean the fiber yarn properly. In some parts of the world, this stem using as a vegetable and eaten with rice. It is rich in fiber, and helps in flushing out kidney stones.

2. Nutrition

The banana flower is good source in proteins, vitamins, and flavonoids. This flower can utilize as a traditional medicine to treat different illnesses such as ulcer and bronchitis problems. It also contains a host of essential vitamins and amino acids, is low in calories, and boost metabolism which great for the overall wellness of the reproductive organs, aiding breastfeeding moms and keeping infections at bay.

The fruit is a source of vital nutrients. It is also a great digestive, which aids bowel movement and contains good fiber for your gut. Rich in vitamin B6 as well as vitamin C, it helps your body absorb iron better, increasing the hemoglobin count and overall blood and cardiovascular health. It is great for pregnant women to eat, as it aids foetal health. It is enriched with potassium as well and is effective to treat cholesterol and high blood pressure.

3. Prevent Diabetes

The flower is good for people looking to prevent and control type 2 diabetes because it balances out blood sugar levels in the body.

Consumed with fiber, banana stem slows down the release of sugar and fats stored in the body’s cells.

4. Eases Stomach Problems

Bananas also relieve stomach issues like constipation and stomach ulcers.

Banana stem juice helps in regulating the acidic levels in your body and restoring balance. It provides relief from heartburn and discomfort and burning in the tummy. 

5. Strengthen Immune System

The extracts of the banana flower have antioxidant properties that prevent free radicals and control cell and tissue damage.

6. Aids Weight Loss

Consumption of banana stems helps in slowing down the release of fats and sugar that has been stored in the body. It is a low calorie food that  improves metabolism and is known to aid weight loss.

Here are some of the benefits shared by our viewers on social media:

@Steveredwolf (Twitter) - 

"They produce Bananas" 

@rewireyourmindsetwithrizwana (Instagram) -

"Keeps the skin soft and moisturized. It helps fight against burns & acne"

PASSION FRUIT

 This month we'll be taking a look at passion fruit which are also part of our school gardens.

Passion fruit is widely grown and valued throughout the tropics and subtropics. Most Passifloras are vines which can climb to 20 or 30 feet. The fruit varies in color from purple to yellow-orange and in shape from an egg to a tennis ball. The family Passifloraceae contains about 550 species of which 400 are in the genus Passiflora. They are commonly found as understory plants in rain forests. The passifloras are herbaceous and shallow rooted. Leaves are usually alternate. The leaf margin can be toothed or entire. The unusual flowers are the outstanding characteristic of passifloras and many are grown only for their flowers. 

Passion fruit require a lot of water, particularly inland. Passion fruit plants thrive in full sun and in environments with 60–80 percent humidity. Passion fruit typically takes 12 to 18 months to bear fruit. In a tropical climate, the plants will flower and fruit year-round.

Let us take a look at some of the benefits of growing Passion fruit : 

1. Provides Nutrients

Passion fruit is a beneficial fruit with a healthful nutrition profile. It contains high levels of vitamin A, which is important for skin, vision, and the immune system, and vitamin C, which is an important antioxidant. Passion fruit also contains phosphorus, niacin, and vitamin B-6, all of which a healthy body also needs. Passion fruit also gives your body calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and folate. These help your kidneys, nerves, muscles, and heart rhythm in big ways.

2. Rich in Antioxidants

Passion fruit is rich in antioxidants, which are compounds that help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Antioxidants play a vital role in keeping the body’s systems healthy, they help improve blood flow, specifically to the brain and nervous system. They also reduce cellular stress and reduce inflammation in the body, both of which have links to diseases, such as heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease. 

3. Great Source of Fiber

Passion fruit pulp contains a lot of dietary fiber. Fiber is a crucial component of every diet. It helps regulate the digestive system and keep the gut healthy, preventing constipation and bowel disorders. Eating passion fruit regularly may help to prevent constipation and improve digestion and overall health.

4. Boosts the Immune System

Passion fruit is rich in vitamin C, which is an antioxidant that helps protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin C boosts the immune system by helping the body absorb more iron from plant-based foods, and may improve the body’s ability to fight off infections in the body.

5. Passion Fruit Leaves

Passionfruit Leaves are small to medium in size and are deeply lobed and oblong in shape. They have many health benefits, they can be cooked, added to your salads or made tea with. Passion fruit leaves have fiber that reduces the risk of heart disease. They contain vitamin A which boosts eye health and also contain vitamin C which reduces anxiety.

6. Fights Cancer

Any fruit or vegetable that has a high level of antioxidants in it is a great food to add to a cancer-fighting diet. Antioxidants kill the free radicals that mutate healthy cells into cancerous cells. Passion fruit also contains vitamin C, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, all three of which have been proven to come along with cancer-fighting properties.

7. Improves Bone Health

Iron, copper, magnesium, and phosphorus are all found in passion fruit, making it a rich source of the minerals that are important to bone health. These minerals play a vital role in increasing bone mineral density as well as increasing bone strength. The minerals contained in passion fruit help your bones create new bone material, strengthen existing bone material, and speed up the process of recovery and repair your body uses to heal when injuries occur.

8. Pregnancy Health

Benefits of passion fruit include good for expecting moms as it is an immunity booster, good source of fiber, maintain a healthy blood pressure, improves the heart’s health, decrease the risk of cognitive decline, improves digestive health and promotes restful sleep. 

REFERENCE 

https://ceventura.ucanr.edu/

Take a look at some of the responses received from our Instagram family: 

@funky_branches_ke -

"Their benefits are that they are rich in antioxidants and high in fiber. Boosts the immune system" 

@rewireyourmindsetwithrizwana -

" Tasty and also healthy. It helps with immune system, anxiety and heart health."

@dafina_bread -

"Amazing juice" 

@aisha_bagha -

"The fruit is rich in antioxidants and a good source of fiber" 

@_nussy.nus_ -

" Contains high levels of vitamin A which is important for skin, vision & the immune system."

@zainab_akadir -

" It's fruit makes refreshing tropical juice. Soothing during hot weather."

ORANGE TREES

 Orange Tress are also part of our School Gardens. Orange tree is a citrus evergreen tree with a productive lifespan of 50-60 years. Some well-cared orange trees can live up to 100 years or more. It is a flowering tree and its height in maturity can range between 16 and 50 ft. 

Orange trees are evergreens and feature glossy, dark-green leaves year-round. They flower in spring, and the little green fruits mature into the familiar oranges in winter. Oranges actually need the cold night air to turn from green to orange. Fruits sheltered inside the tree's canopy may be completely ripe but are still green-skinned or a splotchy combination of green and orange.

Let us take a look at the benefits of Orange Trees: 

1. High in Vitamin C

Oranges are an excellent source of vitamin C. Vitamin C is one of the most well-known and well-researched antioxidants. Good intake of vitamin C is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer as it helps to get of free radicals that cause damage to our DNA.

2. Healthy Immune System 

Regularly consuming fruits, which are high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant compounds, can help promote healthy immune function.

Oranges and other citrus fruits are excellent sources of vitamin C. Vitamin C, which is also vital for the proper function of a healthy immune system, is good for preventing colds and preventing recurrent ear infections.

3. Prevents Skin Damage

Anti-oxidants in oranges help protect skin from free radical damage known to cause signs of aging. Helps your body make collagen, a protein that heals wounds and gives you smoother skin. 

4. Reduces Blood Pressure

Oranges, being rich in Vitamins B6, help support the production of hemoglobin and also help keep blood pressure under check due to the presence of magnesium. 

5. Lowers Cholesterol

The 3 grams of fiber in a medium orange help keep your bowels healthy, your cholesterol and risk of heart disease low, and ulcers at bay. 

6 Helps in Absorption of Iron

Citrus fruits are very much essential for the normal functioning of our body as they help in the absorption of iron. Anemia is a condition where the body lacks an adequate amount of mineral iron that is essential for it to function. Though oranges are not a good source of iron, these vitamin C loaded fruits are essential in absorption of iron.

7. Controls Blood Sugar Levels

Fiber in oranges help by keeping blood sugar levels under control thereby making oranges a healthy snack for people with diabetes. Moreover, oranges have simple sugars. The natural fruit sugar in oranges, fructose, can help keep blood sugar levels from rising too high after eating.

8. Good Eye Health

Oranges are a rich source of carotenoid. The Vitamin A present in them play an important role in keeping the mucus membranes in the eyes healthy. Vitamin A is also responsible to prevent age-related muscular degeneration, which in extreme cases can lead to blindness. It also helps eyes to absorb the light.

9. Improves Digestion

Oranges have both soluble and insoluble fiber. This helps in keeping your intestines and stomach function smooth, preventing irritable bowel syndrome. Additionally, the fiber helps treat constipation to a greater extent.

10. Folate for Moms and Babies

Oranges are a great way to get a big dose of folate naturally. Your body uses it to divide cells and make DNA. Because it helps prevent birth defects, it's an especially important B vitamin for pregnant women.

11. Stomach Health

Flowers of Orange trees can be used to fight stomach spasms. 

12. Muscle relaxant 

The use of essential oil of orange for relaxing massage helps relieve tension and reduce stress. 

Here are some of the benefits as shared by our Instagram family: 

@mentor_quresha - 

" Lowers risk of cancer. Acts as an anti-inflammatory." 

@its_winnie_cheche-

"Oranges" 

@zainab_akadir -

"Gives oranges which rich in Vitamin C" 

@aisha_bagha - 

"Sweet delicious Oranges"

@haffy_organics -

" Fruits used in skincare to improve the skin, boosts immune system & helps with constipation too " 

KENYAN SCHOOL GARDEN TREES

 Introduction 

The School Garden project initiated by SOL in collaboration with different partners aims to create a safe and productive environment for the underprivileged communities in rural Kenya. 

Schools are then trained to plant their own trees , hence able to provide food and nutrition for their members. The gardens have also helped provide income. 

We all grateful to all the local organizations, schools, teachers, students and most of all the contributors who have helped achieve this goal. 

This blog series will focus on the different trees which have been planted in the gardens, their location and their benefits. 

Together we can help achieve all the zero hunger goals and end hunger.